Essay on Mozart

Essay on Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) was a world-famous Austrian composer. He was a prominent representative of the Viennese classical school, a musician of universal talent that became apparent in his early childhood. In Mozart’s music the ideas of German Enlightenment are reflected. He managed to embody the artistic experience of various national schools and traditions. Mozart modified the traditional operatic forms and individualized genre types of symphonies. This great composer created more than 20 operas, over 50 symphonies, concertos for piano and for violin, chamber and instrumental (trios, quartets, quintets, etc.), piano works (sonatas, variations, fantasies), â€Å"Requiem†, masses, choral works and songs. Mozart is the creator of the classic forms of concerto for solo instrument and orchestra. Emotions and passion are typical for the music of Mozart, as well as endurance and strong will. In his music the grace and tenderness of the gallant style are retained. Creativity of Mozart is focused primarily on the enhanced expression of the soul world, on faithful display of the reality in its variety. The music of Mozart conveys the feeling of fullness of life, joy of life, as well as human suffering, while experiencing oppression of the unjust social system. In this divine music everyone can feel a passionate striving for happiness and joy. Even though sometimes grief prevails, clear, harmonious and vital mood is dominant. The true fame came to Mozart after his death. The name of Mozart has become a symbol of supreme musical talent and creative genius, the unity of beauty and truth of life. Numerous musicians, writers, philosophers and scientists emphasize the intrinsic value of Mozart’s masterpieces and a huge role in the spiritual life of mankind.

Network Security Role of the Network Administrator

Introduction Data which are kept by a company are vital and its protection should be a priority to networking administrator or network engineering. The company network can be invaded by both internal and external attack. Its estimated that up to 80% of all attacks against IT systems originates from the internal network, and are carried out by trusted fellow employee, deliberately to harm the company or the company employees Therefore, network security can be defined as the process in which digital information are protected against any attacked (IATA, 2011). The potential malicious and attack which are likely to invade the companys network are data modification or manipulation, eavesdropping, sniffer attack, Virus, Worm, Trajan, password attack, a dictionary attack, brute force attack, IP address spoofing/IP spoofing/identity spoofing and denial of Service. These attacks are unique in the way which they invade the network for example sniffer attack captures and analyzes the network traffic of the organization. It monitors network information such as passwords and valuable customer information. A hacker can use such information to access finances of a client and the companys server and download or delete games from the server (Will Spencer, 2012). The network is likely to be attacked by eavesdropper because of the Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) system installed and being used by the company. Someone might have an intention to listen or monitor network trafficShow MoreRelatedSystems Administration and Network Administration913 Words   |  4 PagesSystems Administration and Network Administration Systems administration and network administration are, in many respects, very similar jobs. 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Conflict Process and Management Free Essays

string(138) " one person seeks to satisfy his or her own interests regardless of the impact on the other parties to the conflict, he/she is competing\." Conflict Process Managing Conflict Case Studies Organizational Conflict Nidhi S Kohli 123720 R L Aparna 123716 Manisha K 123717 Priyanka G 123726 Swetha Joshi 123734 Sri Lakshmi 123732 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1. CONFLICT PROCESS i. We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Process and Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Stephen. P. Robbins’s Classification ii. Ashwattapa’s Compilation 2. MANAGING CONFLICT * Conflict Resolution Techniques * Conflict Stimulation Techniques * Types of Conflict and Resolution 3. CASE STUDIES i. Maruti Suzuki – Manesar Plant * Introduction * Findings * Suggestion Conclusions ii. Indian Health Care Organization * Introduction * Findings * Suggestion Conclusions 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY Introduction Conflict Defined It is a process which begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affects, something that the first party cares about. Two main Schools of Thought * Traditional View A Belief that all conflicts are harmful and should be avoided. * Human Relations View Belief that conflict is natural and an inevitable outcome in any group. It is not only a positive force but is also necessary for a group to perform well. CONFLICT PROCESS (As proposed by Stephen Robbins) Stage 1: Potential Opposition or Incompatibility: * The first step in the conflict process is the presence of certain conditions that create opportunities for conflict to arise. * They need not lead directly to conflict, but one of them is necessary for conflict to arise. * These are the SOURCES of conflict. They can be broadly classified as: i. Communication Semantic difficulties, misunderstandings, and â€Å"noise† * Semantic difficulties arise as a result of difference in training, selective perception inadequate information about others. * Potential to conflict arises in case of information overload or when information is too less. * Differing word connotations, jargon, insufficient exchange of information noise in the communication channel are antecedent conditions to conflict. * The filtering process as information is passed through different levels of organization offer potential opportunities for conflict to arise. i. Structure * Size and specialization of jobs The larger the group more specialized its activities, the greater the likelihood of conflict. The potential of conflict is greatest when group members are younger turnover is high. * Jurisdictional clarity/ambiguity The greater the jurisdictional ambiguity in precisely defining responsibility for actions, the greater the potential of conflict, as it increases inter-groups fighting for control of resources territory. * Member/goal incompatibility Groups within organizations have diverse goals. This diversity of goals among groups is a major source of conflict. * Leadership styles (close or participative) Tight continuous observation with general control of other’s behaviors increases conflict potential. Also, research points out that participation conflict are highly correlated, because participation encourages the promotion of differences. * Reward systems (win-lose) Conflict is created when one member’s gain is at another’s expense, especially in a group. But, if a group is dependent on another group, opposing forces are stimulated if one’s gain is at another’s expense. * Dependence/interdependence of groups iii. Personal Variables * Differing individual value systems: The most overlooked variable is social conflict, i. e. differing value systems. They are differences such as prejudices, disagreements over one’s contribution in the group and rewards one deserves and the likes. * Personality types: Having employees with different or opposing personality type, may lead to conflicts. Eg: Individuals who are dogmatic and highly authoritarian and who demonstrate low esteem may lead to potential conflict. Stage 2: Cognition and Personalization: If the conditions cited in stage 1 negatively affect something that one party cares about, then the potential for opposition or incompatibility becomes actualized in the second stage. The antecedent conditions can only lead to conflict when one or more of parties are affected by, and aware of, the conflict. As we noted in our definition of conflict, perception is required. Therefore, one or more of the parties must be aware of the existence of the antecedent conditions. However, because a conflict is perceived does not mean that it is personalized. Example: A may be aware that B and A are in serious disagreement†¦ but it may not make A tense or anxious, and it may have no effect whatsoever on A’s affection towards B. It is at the felt level, when individuals become emotionally involved, that parties experience anxiety, tension, frustration or hostility. IMPORTANCE OF STAGE 2: It is where conflict issues tend to be defined. It is the stage where the parties decide what the conflict is about. As a result this â€Å"sense making† is critical because the way a conflict is defined goes a long way towards establishing the sort of outcomes that might settle it. Example: if I define our salary disagreement as a zero –sum situation –that is, if you get the increase in pay you want, there will be just that amount less for me- I am going to be far less willing to compromise than if I frame the conflict win- win situation (i. e. the dollar in the salary pool might be increased so that both of us could get the adds pay we want) ROLE OF EMOTIONS IN STAGE 2: Emotions play a major role in shaping perceptions. As they are classified into two: i) Negative emotions- to produce over simplification of issues, reduction in trust, and negative interpretations of the other party’s behavior. ii) Positive emotions- to increase the tendency to see potent ial relationships among the elements of problem, to take a broader view of the situation and to develop more innovative solutions. Stage 3: Intentions: Intentions are decisions to act in a given way in a conflict. Intentions intervene between people’s perception and emotions and their behaviour. The dimensions of intentions are: * Cooperativeness (the degree to which one party attempts to satisfy the other party’s concerns) * Assertiveness (the degree to which one party attempts to satisfy his or her own concerns) Using these two dimensions five conflict handling intentions can be identified. When concern for the self is low, they could be unassertive and if concern for the self is high, they could be very assertive. If the concern for others is low then they tend to be uncooperative and vice versa. 1) Competing: When one person seeks to satisfy his or her own interests regardless of the impact on the other parties to the conflict, he/she is competing. You read "Conflict Process and Management" in category "Essay examples" A competing style is high on assertiveness and low on cooperativeness. Competing style may be necessary when a quick, decisive action is required or when unpopular courses on important issues need to be implemented such as cost cutting and discipline a staff member. In addition this style may be required when â€Å"you know you are right† is an issue. ) Collaborating: A situation in which the parties to a conflict each desire to satisfy fully the concerns of all the parties. In collaborating, the intention of the parties is to solve the problem by clarifying differences rather than by accommodating various points of view. A collaborating style is high on both cooperation and assertion. The parties to a conflict view it as a problem solving situation. A problem solving approach requires the following conditions: * The parties to a conflict channel their energies in solving the problem rather than defeating each other. The goals, opinions, attitudes and feelings of all parties are accepted * The parties should realize that the conflict issue can make an effective contribution to the quality of human relationships if the issue is solved through a supporting and trusting climate. A critical concept is here that no blame is assigned to anyone and the issue is kept in focus. It is time consuming and may be costly when many individuals are involved. It can be used in following situations: * When there is a high level of trust When you don’t want to have full responsibility * When you want others to also have â€Å"ownership† of solutions * When the people involved are willing to change their thinking as more information is found and new opti ons are suggested 3) Avoiding:  A person may recognize that a conflict exists and want to withdraw from it or suppress it. Avoiding includes trying to just ignore a conflict and avoiding others with whom you disagree. Avoiding might take the form of postponing an issue for a better time or simply withdrawing from a threatening issue. An avoiding style may reflect a failure to address important issues and a tendency to remain neutral when there is a need to take position. It can be advisable in situations like: * When more information is needed to take a good decision * When you desire that people should cool down so that they regain their perspective after which tension may be handled properly and productively * When someone else can resolve the conflict more effectively 4) Accommodating: when one party seeks to appease an opponent, that party may be willing to place the opponent’s interests above his or her own. One party is willing to be self-sacrificing in order to maintain the relationship. This style is low in assertiveness and high in cooperativeness. A person who uses this style may be showing too little concern for personal goals as a result it may lead to lack of influence and recognition. The conflict is resolved without each party to a conflict presenting his or her own views. This style may be useful in following situations: * When maintaining harmony is more important * A conflict issue is more important to other person * Where relationships involved are more highly valued then a conflict issue ) Compromising: A situation in which each party to a conflict is willing to give up something. Compromise is a common and practical approach to conflict management, in which two equally strong and persuasive parties attempt to work out a solution. It is an important style to settle complex issues in the short run. It can also be used as a backup mode when both collaboration and competition fail to work effectively in resolving the conflicts. Conclusion: Intentions provide general guidelines for parties in a conflict situation. They define each party’s purpose. Yet people intention is not fixed. During the course of conflict, they might change because of an emotional reaction to the behavior of other party. Stage IV: Behaviour: * The behaviour stage includes the statements, actions and reactions of conflicting parties. * This conflict behaviour is clear attempts to implement each party’s intention. * It is a dynamic process of interaction with a continuum. * Outcome maybe functional-improving group performance OR dysfunctional-hampering group performance. * When most people think of conflict situation they tend to focus on stage IV because this where conflict becomes visible. The behaviour stage includes the statements, actions and reasons made by the conflicting parties. These conflict behaviours are usually overt attempts to implement each party’s intentions, but they have stimulus quality that is separate from intentions. As a result of miscalculations or unskilled enactments, overt behaviour sometimes deviates from original intentions. * It helps to think of stage IV as a dynamic process of interaction. For Example: you make a demand on me, I respond by arguing, you threaten me, I threaten you back, and so on. * All conflicts exist somewhere along this continuum. At the lower part of the continuum, we have conflicts characterized by subtitle, indirect and highly controlled forms of tension, such as a student questioning in class a point the instructor has just made. Conflict intensities escalate as they move upward along the continuum rage. * The outcomes may be functional or dysfunctional. Functional -improving group performance. Dysfunctional -hampering group performance. For the most part, conflicts that reach the upper ranges of the continuum are almost always dysfunctional. Functional conflicts are typically confined to the lower range of the continuum. STAGE V: Outcomes: The action-reaction interplay between the conflicting parties results in consequences or outcomes. These outcomes may be: * Functional in that the conflict results in an improvement in the group’s performance, or * Dysfunctional in that it hinders group performance. Functional conflict: A functional conflict is a confrontation between groups that enhances and benefits the organization’s performance. * For example, two departments in a hospital may be in conflict over the most efficient and adaptive method of delivering health care to low-income rural families. Two departments agree on the goal but not on the means to achieve it. * Whatever the outcome, the low-income rural families probably will end up with better medical care once the conflict is settled. Without this type of conflict in organizations, there would be little commitment to change, and most groups would become stagnant. Functional conflict can lead to increased awareness of problems that need to be addressed, result in broader and more productive searches for solutions, and generally facilitate positive change, adaptation, and innovation. Dysfunctional conflict: A dysfunctional conflict is any confrontation or interaction between groups that harms the organization or hinders the achievement of organizational goals. Management must seek to eliminate dysfunctional conflict. Beneficial conflicts can often turn into harmful ones. In most cases, the point at which functional conflict becomes dysfunctional is impossible to identify precisely. The same level of stress and conflict that creates a healthy and positive movement toward goals in one group may prove extremely disruptive and dysfunctional in another group. A group’s tolerance for stress and conflict can also depend on the type of organization it serves. Auto manufacturers, professional sports teams, and crisis organizations such as police and fire departments would have different points where functional conflict becomes dysfunctional than would organizations such as universities, research and development firms, and motion-picture production firms. Conflict can be considered as functional or dysfunctional depending on its effects on the organizational performance. Conflict also affects relationships within and between groups in several ways. We will look first at changes that typically occur within conflicting groups and then at the changes that occur in the relations between such groups. Changes within Groups: Within groups engaged in conflict, the following changes are often observed: 1. First, external threats such as conflict bring about increased group cohesiveness. As a result, groups engaged in conflict become more attractive and important to their own members. 2. Increased cohesiveness suggests that conformity to group norms becomes more important. This may take the form of blind acceptance of dysfunctional solutions to the conflict. This is referred to as the emphasis on loyalty. 3. Ongoing conflict also stimulates an emphasis on task performance. All efforts within each conflicting groups are directed towards meeting the challenge posed by other groups, and concerns about individual satisfaction lose importance. 4. A sense of urgency surrounds task performance; defeating the enemy becomes uppermost, and there is much less goofing off. 5. In addition, when a group is in conflict, otherwise reluctant members will often submit to autocratic leadership to manage crisis, perceiving participative decision making as slow and weak. . A group in such circumstances is also likely to place much more emphasis on standardized procedures and centralized control. Changes between Groups: In addition to these four changes within groups, four changes often occur in relations between conflicting groups: 1. Hostility often surfaces in the form of hardened â€Å"we-they attitudes†. Each group sees itself as virtuous and othe r groups as enemies. 2. During conflicts, the perceptions of each group’s members become distorted. Group members develop stronger opinions of the importance of their unit. The marketing group in a business organization may think, â€Å"Without us selling the product, there would be no money to pay anyone else’s salary†. * The production group, meanwhile, will say, â€Å"if we don’t make the product, there is nothing to sell. † 3. The final change between groups is decreased communication. This can be extremely dysfunctional. The decision-making process can be disrupted, and the customers or others whom the organization serves can be affected. PROCESS OF CONFLICT (As Proposed by Ashwathappa) The process of conflict comprises of five stages: 1. Latent Conflict 2. Perceived Conflict 3. Felt Conflict 4. Manifest Conflict 5. Conflict Outcome 1. Latent Conflict: When two or more parties need each other to achieve desired objectives, there is potential for conflict. Other antecedents of conflict such as interdependence, different goals, etc, do not automatically create conflict. But when they exist, they make it possible. Latent conflict often arises when a change occurs. Conflict is likely to be caused by a budget cutback, a change in organizational direction, a change in personal goals or the assignment of a new project to an already overloaded team. Antecedents of conflict: * Incompatible personalities or value systems. * Overlapping or unclear job boundaries. * Competition for limited resources. * Inadequate communication. * Interdependent tasks. * Organizational complexity (conflict tends to increase as the number of hierarchical layers and specialized tasks increase). * Unreasonable or unclear policies, standards or rules. * Unreasonable deadline or extreme time pressure. * Collective decision making (the greater the number of people participating in a decision, the greater the potential for conflict). * Decision making by consensus. Unmet expectations (employees who have unrealistic expectations about job assignment, pay or promotions are more prone to conflict). * Unresolved or suppressed conflict. 2. Perceived Conflict: This is the stage at which members become aware of a problem. Incompatibility of needs is perceived and tension begins as the parties begin to worry about what will happen. But no party feels that it is bei ng overly threatened. 3. Felt Conflict: At this stage, parties become emotionally involved and begin to focus on differences of opinion and opposing interests- sharpening perceived conflict. Internal tensions and frustration begin to crystallize around specific, defines issues, and people begin to build an emotional commitment to their position. 4. Manifest Conflict: At this stage, parties engage in actions that help achieve own objectives and thwart those of others. Conflict behaviours vary from the subtle, indirect and highly controlled forms of interference, to direct, aggressive, violent and uncontrolled struggle. At the organisational level, strikes or lock-outs are the result. 5. Conflict Outcome: The conflict finally results in an outcome, which may be functional or dysfunctional. * Functional conflict refers to confrontation between two ideas, goals and parties that improve employees’ and the organisation’s performance. * Dysfunctional conflict is the negative side of functional conflict. * If the conflict is handled well, the result is functional conflict. * If the conflict is mishandled, the consequence is dysfunctional conflict. MANAGING CONFLICT 1. CONFLICT RESOLUTION TECHNIQUES Problem solving| Face-to-face meeting of conflicting parties to identify ;resolve conflict through open discussion| Super ordinate goals| Creating a shared goal that cannot be attained without the cooperation of each conflicting party| Expansion of resources| Expansion of resources can create a WIN-WIN situation| Avoidance| Withdrawal from, or suppression of the conflict| Smoothing| Playing down differences while emphasizing common interests between conflicting parties| Compromise| Each party to the conflict gives up something of value| Authoritative command| Management uses its formal authority to resolve the conflict, then communicates it to the conflicting parties| Altering human variables| Using behavioral change techniques, such as human relations training to alter attitudes ; behaviors that cause conflict| Altering structural variables| Changing formal organizational structure ; interaction of patterns of conflicting personalities through ob design, transfers, creating of coord inating positions etc| 2. CONFLICT STIMULATION TECHNIQUES Communication| Using ambiguous or threatening messages to increase conflict levels| Bringing in outsiders| Adding employees to a group whose backgrounds, values attitudes or managerial styles differ from those of present members| Restructuring the organization| Realigning work groups, altering rules ; regulations, increasing interdependence, ; making similar structural changes to disrupt the status quo| Appointing a Devil’s Advocate| Designating a critic to purposely argue against majority positions held by the group. | TYPES OF CONFLICT ; RESOLUTION 1) INTRA – PERSONAL CONFLICT 2) INTER – PERSONAL CONFLICT 3) INTRA – GROUP CONFLICT 4) INTER – GROUP CONFLICT 1. INTRA – PERSONAL CONFLICT: Intra personal conflict refers to the discord that occurs within an individual. It is also called ‘Intra individual Conflict’ or ‘Intra psychic Conflict’ and is often studied by psychologists and personality theorists who are interested in the dynamics of personality and factors that pre-dispose people to inner conflicts. * Intra personal conflict can develop out of a person’s thoughts, ideas, emotions, values and pre-dispositions. This type of conflict is important because we encounter it on a daily basis and have to negotiate through it. * Though conflicts are usually viewed as negative, intra personal conflict has certain benefits. Healthy conflict provides an individual with the skills needed to develop better relationships, gain an understanding of oneself, increase resolution skills and avoid negative and damaging reactions. Intra personal conflict can be disruptive and stressful if we do not understand our own needs and desires. Therefore, it is important to understand our deep emotions and interests and stay in touch with ourselves. Causes of Intra personal Conflict: Intra personal conflict occurs when there is incompatibility or inconsistency among an individual’s cognitive elements. It implies that a new cognitive element is at variance with a prior explanation or expectation. Causes: * Difficulty in making a decision because of uncertainty. * Individual’s are pushed or pulled in opposite direction, i. e. , attractive or unattractive alternatives. * Simultaneous forces of about equal strength. A person is motivated to engage in two or more mutually exclusive situations. * When a person is required to perform a task that does not match his/her expertise, interests, goals and values. Intra personal conflict also arises from frustration, numerous roles which demand equal attention but is n ot always possible to devote, goals having both negative and positive aspects, cognitive dissonances, and neurotic tendencies. Conflict from Frustration: Frustration occurs when a motivated drive is blocked before a person reaches a desired goal. GOALS (Reduction of Drives ; fulfills Deficiency) BARRIERS i. Overt ii. Covert DRIVE (Deficiency with Direction) NEED (Deficiency) ( DEFENCE MECHANISMS A. Aggression B. Withdrawal C. Fixation D. Compromise FRUSTRATION * An individual driven by an inner state of deficiency engages in some action to fulfill the deficiency. * But his/her attempts to reach the goal are checked by barriers which may be Overt (external) or Covert (internal). * The overt barriers may be social or non-social * The social barriers are those which are placed by others in the way of reaching one’s goal. * The non-social barriers include floods, power failures, etc. * The covert barriers are those which are inherent or within an individual. These last longer than the external barriers. The internal barriers include physical weakness, disabilities, personal limitations like lack of skill and intelligence, etc. * Blocked by these barriers, an individual becomes frustrated for being unable to reach his/her goal. * Frustration normally triggers defence mechanisms in the person. Defence mechanisms refer to unconscious pr ocesses that protect an individual from anxiety, stress, external threats, etc. * They do not alter the objective conditions of danger, but simply change the way a person perceives it. They involve an element of self-deception. * The frustrated individual adopts any of the four defence mechanisms: Aggression, Withdrawal, Fixation or Compromise. Aggression refers to the attack of the barriers, physically or symbolically. * Withdrawal refers to backing away from the barrier. * Fixation refers to the continuation of efforts to break the barrier. * Compromise refers to the search for a new goal. * Conflict occurs in all the defence mechanism situations. Goal Conflict: Goal conflict is more complex than conflict from frustration and occurs when the attainment of one goal excludes the possibility of attaining another. There are four major forms of goal conflict. They are: 1. Approach-Approach Conflict 2. Approach-Avoidance Conflict 3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict 4. Multiple Approach-Avoi dance Conflict 1. Approach-Approach Conflict: This conflict arises when the individual is caught between two or more positive but mutually exclusive goals. * Approach-Approach conflict is hardly a conflict at all, because whichever choice the individual makes, he/she will attain a positively valued outcome. * Such a conflict is easily resolved by satisfying one goal first, then the other- Eg. Eating first and then sleeping. * Alternatively, this conflict is resolved by giving up on one of the goals. Obviously, Approach-Approach conflict does not generate much anxiety. Unfortunately, Approach-Approach conflict does not always end as stated. Often, when the choice is made, â€Å"decision regret† may occur. The option not chosen now becomes more attractive, simply because it was not chosen. Decision regret may lead decision makers to reconsider the positive aspects of the chosen option and give them more weight to justify and validate the decisions made. 2. Approach-Avoidance Conflict: * This conflict occurs when an individual is simultaneously attracted to and repelled by a single goal object. * If the motive to avoid the goal is stronger than the motive to approach it, the person will be caught where the strengths of the motives are roughly equal. * As the person moves towards or away from the goal, the relatively stronger motive takes over and brings the person back to the point where he/she vacillates. Generally, the Approach-Avoidance conflicts that are most pervasive and difficult to resolve take place in the following: i. Independence vs. Dependence: In times of stress, a person feels like resorting to the dependency characteristic of childhood, to have someone take care of a person and solve his/her problems. But he/she is taught to stand on his/her own feet which is a mark of maturity. ii. Co-operation vs. Competition: A person is taught to compete with others and make a success of one’s own efforts. At the same time, one is taught to co-operate and be helpful to others. iii. Impulsive Expression vs. Moral Standards: All societies place some degree of regulation upon impulse control. Sometimes. A person’s impulses may conflict most frequently with normal standards, and violation of these standards may generate strong feelings of guilt. The Approach-Avoidance conflict is most relevant to the study of Organizational behaviour. Generally, organisational goals have both positive and negative aspects for organizational participants, and hence, it may arouse a great deal of conflict within a person and can actually cause the person to vacillate anxiously at the point where approach equals avoidance. 3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: * This conflict occurs when an individual is forced to choose between two mutually exclusive goals, each of which possesses unattarctive qualities. The net result is that a person is caught between two options. * Faced with an Avoidance-Avoidance conflict, most people will vacillate between the two options, without resolving the conflict. In the context of an organization, Avoidance-Avoidance conflict may be exemplified by a worker who is caught in the dilemma of bearing with the supervisor whom he detests most and quitting the organization and remaning jobless. Two kinds of behaviour are like ly to be conspicuous in Avoidance-Avoidance conflicts. * The first is vacillation. As the growth of a goal increases, the closer a person gets to the goal. As the person approaches a negative goal, he/she finds it increasingly repelling. Consequently, the person tends to withdraw, but when a person does this, he/she comes closer to the negative goal and finds it in turn increasing the negative valence. * A second feature of this kind of conflict is an Attempt to Leave the conflict situation. Theoretically, a person might escape Avoidance-Avoidance conflict by running away from it altogether. But in practice, however, there are additional negative goals in the periphery of the situation and these prevent us from leaving. A person in Avoidance-Avoidance conflict may resort to other means to get relief from anxiety aroused by the conflict. 4. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict: Often we are confronted with several possibilities for action, each having several desirable and undesirable features. A conflict of this type in which two alternatives- both involving positive and negative features- is referred to as a Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict or a Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict. Role Conflict: The final reason for intra-personal conflict is the need of an individual to play several roles simultaneously but finding time and resources inadequate to do so. * Role conflict is a type of social conflict caused from an individual being forced to take on separate and inco mpatible roles. * Role conflicts can occur individually, as in the case of one person being torn between separate roles for different organizations or groups, or within an organization, when an individual is asked to perform multiple roles in the same group. * Although all the roles which individuals bring into the organization are relevant to their behaviour in the study of Organizational behaviour, the organizational role is the most important. Cognitive Dissonance: * Cognitive Dissonance can lead to intra-personal conflict. Dissonance is the state of psychological discomfort or conflict created in people when they are faced with two or more goals or alternatives to a decision. * Although these alternatives occur together, they do not belong or fit together. * Cognitive Dissonance occurs when individuals recognize inconsistencies in their own thoughts and behaviours. * Such inconsistencies are stressful and uncomfortable, leading to intra-personal conflict. * Employees seek to rem ove inconsistencies by changing thoughts and behaviours, or by obtaining more information about the issue that is causing the dissonance. But cognitive dissonance, till it is removed, remains a source of conflict. Neurotic Tendencies: These are irrational personality mechanisms that an individual uses that create inner conflict. In turn, inner conflict often results in behaviours that lead to conflict with other people. * One example of neurotic action is the excessive use of tight organizational controls by neurotic managers, because they distrust people. Their excessive distrust and need to control, triggers conflict with others, especially subordinates who come to feel micromanaged and distrusted. * A common reaction to leaders with neurotic tendencies is either overt (open) or covert (hidden) aggression and hostility. Subordinates often try to settle the score and protect themselves from further abuse. These actions give the manager an even stronger sense of employee worthlessne ss. The manager’s hostility and attempts to control and punish become even more vigorous. STRATEGIES FOR RESOLVING INTRA-PERSONAL CONFLICTS: Intra-personal conflict arises from frustration, competing roles, or goals having positive or negative aspects. 1. Conflict from Frustration: * To the extent that conflict from frustration results from blocked goal realization, removal of barriers (overt and covert) will help resolve this conflict. It is the manager’s responsibility to clear his employee’s path for advancement in his career. * Frustration is not always bad- it may contribute to improved performance. The frustrated individual may divert his attention from barriers, towards his job and try to show better results. * This is particularly true with an individual who has a self concept that includes confidence in being able to do a job well. But this is no consolation for a manager to ignore the frustration of an employee. If conflict from frustration is not resolved for long, the manager will be running the risk of losing the services of a competent and sincere employee. 2. Goal Conflict: Goal conflict has three main dimensions: approach-approach conflict, approach-avoidance conflict and avoidance-avoidance conflict. * Of the three, approach-approach conflict has the least impact on organisational behaviour. The manager’s involvement is not needed to resolve the conflict. It is best resolved by the employee himself/herself. The well known theory of Cognitive Dissonance helps the individual resolve the approach-approach conflict. The theory states that the person experiencing dissonance will be highly motivated to reduce or eliminate it and will actively avoid situations and information which would increase it. * Approach-avoidance conflict can be resolved by refusing to select either approach (positive aspect) or avoidance (negative aspect) choice. But an organizational member cannot avoid the conflict situation. He/she is forced to make a decision, and is therefore, exposed to conflict. This conflict too can be resolved in the same way as cognitive dissonance: having decided either way (approach or avoidance), the individual may defend the decision. The manager has a responsibility to help the individual defend his/her choice. * Avoidance-avoidance conflict may be resolved by examining and solving the problems causing the conflict. An understanding of the reasons may help a person to overcome any prejudice he/she has developed against another person. Sound counseling from another person will be highly useful to the affected party. 3. Role Conflict: Role conflict can be resolved by minimizing the number of roles and fixing priorities for them. Once the priorities are determined, there must be no overlapping of roles. Much of the intra-personal conflicts in an organizational member can be resolved by developing compatibility between his/her personal and organizational goals. * A realization that he/she is working for the organisation and not for the managers will help him/her regain his/her balance and remain cool, irritants and hassles notwithstanding. The best solution for intra-personal conflict is to look to Hindu Philosophy and learn a valuable lesson from it. According to the philosophy, an individual is composed of three Gunas or psychogenic substances. They are: Sattwa, Rajas and Tamas. * Sattwa: It means Purity, Serenity, Poise, Calmness, Discrimination, Compassion, Clarity, Goodness, Altruism, Dispassion, Contentment, etc. , or together known as ILLUMINATION. Rajas: It means Love of Fame, Passion, Lust, Strife, Impatience, Jealousy, Pride, Display of Power, etc. , or together known as MOVEMENT. * Tamas: It means Anger, Pride, Ignorance, Stolidity, Offering Resistance, Inertia, forgetfulness, Confusion, Darkness, Brutality, etc. , or together known as OBSTRUCTION. It is essential that one should develop sattwic gunas in oneself, be it the manager or the managed. One can develop sattwic quality by reading holy scripts, regular prayers, m oving with pious people, and leading a disciplined life. Unfortunately, modern organizations are filled with people who are imbedded with rajasic or tamasic qualities. Hence, the absence of harmonious industrial relations. 2. INTER- PERSONAL CONFLICT: Too often when a conflict occurs between supervisor-subordinate, employees-customers, coworkers, or even friends, there tends to be either a fight (personal attacks) or a flight (embarrassed silence or leaving) response. Neither is an effective way of handling interpersonal conflict. More appropriate for resolving conflict and preserving positive relationships would be to follow this process. 1. Allow time to cool off. 2. Analyze the situation. 3. State the problem to the other person. Some other strategies for resolving conflicts are: * LOSE – LOSE: In this lose-lose approach to conflict both the parties lose. This approach can take several forms. One very common approach is to compromise or take the middle ground in a dispute. A second form can be to pay off one of the parties in the conflict. These payments can take the form of bribes. A third approach can be to use an outside party or arbitrator to settle the dispute. A fourth approach can be to resolve the conflicts through the existing rules and law. It can sometime resolve the conflicts but the results are not always as desirable as win-lose and especially win-win approach. Lose-lose conflict is damaging and unhealthy to a relationship. Some people try to avoid conflict because they feel it’s negative and will hurt someone’s feelings. People like this will lose out because they don’t give their honest opinion or feedback. They become too concerned with how other people feel at the expense of their own feelings. WIN – LOSE: A win-lose conflict means just that–win or lose. It’s a type of conflict where just one person wins the argument while the other one feels bad. It’s a game to those who view conflict as a battle to win at all times and at the expense of another person ’s loss. The win-lose approach is often used in American business settings. The primary emphasis is on winning all you can, overstate your position, and make decisions quickly. In contrast to this, the Japanese approach to business focuses on team work, cooperation, saving face, avoiding confrontation, understating your position, informally letting others know the bottom line, and reaching areas of agreement. Though win lose strategy helps diffuse conflict, it may not be a permanent solution since the loser will tend to be bitter The following points make the strategy more clear: * There is a clear â€Å"we-they† distinction between the parties. * The parties see the issue from their own point of view. * The emphasis is on the solution rather than on the values, goals and objectives. * There is no planned sequence of activities. * WIN – WIN: It is the most desirable way of resolving conflicts. In this situation, the energies and struggles are directed to solve the problem rather than beating the other party. The outcomes of this approach are so that both the parties are happy and results have benefits for both the parties. Although this is the difficult most strategy to solve the problems but this should be goal of the managers to resolve interpersonal conflict Interpersonal conflicts arise in every workplace. Supervisors may help reduce the number and severity of these conflicts by: * Emphasizing that employee must, despite their differences, treat each other with respect, dignity and fairness. * Eliminating a defensive climate in which employees judge and criticize each other, have hidden agendas and are close-minded to new ideas and changes. * Establishing a supportive climate where employees openly discuss and understand each other’s ideas and concerns, are willing to listen to each other, and focus on accomplishing their work and group goals. Providing training to employees on improving communication skills and settling differences effectively and on a timely basis. WAYS OF RESOLVING INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS: The Defusing Technique: The other person might be angry and may come to the situati on armed with a number of arguments describing how you are to blame for his or her unhappiness. Your goal is to address the other’s anger –  and you do this by simply agreeing with the person. When you find some truth in the other point of view, it is difficult for the other person to maintain anger. Empathy: Try to put yourself into the shoes of the other person. See the world through their eyes. Empathy is an important listening technique which gives the other feedback that he or she is being heard. There are two forms of empathy. Thought Empathy  gives the message that you understand what the other is trying to say. You can do this in conversation by paraphrasing the words of the other person. * Exploration: Ask gentle, probing questions about what the other person is thinking and feeling. Encourage the other to talk fully about what is on his or her mind. For example, â€Å"Are there any other thoughts that you need to share with me? † * Using â€Å"I† Statements: Take responsibility for your own thoughts rather than attributing motives to the other person. This decreases the chance that the other person will become defensive. For example, â€Å"I feel pretty upset that this thing has come between us. † This statement is much more effective than saying, â€Å"You have made me feel very upset. † * Stroking: Find positive things to say about the other person, even if the other is angry with you. Show a respectful attitude. For example, â€Å"I genuinely respect you for having the courage to bring this problem to me. I admire your strength and your caring attitude. † 3. INTRA – GROUP CONFLICT: * Intra-group conflict refers to the incompatibility, Incongruence, or disagreement among the members of a group or its subgroups regarding goals, functions, or activities of the group. In Intra-group conflict the majority of the members of a group or its subgroups must be involved. Importance of groups: * First, groups are the building blocks of an organization. * Second, groups provide the primary mechanism for the attai nment of organizational goals. * Third, groups provide psychological and other support to the individual members. The definition of a group should include the following: * A group must consist of two or more members. * A group must possess a stable structure; * The members should be interdependent. * The members should interact with each other. * The members should work toward the attainment of a common goal(s). Types of Groups: Groups can be broadly classified as formal or informal. 1. Formal Groups: These are further classified as follows: * Task/Functional Groups: Fiedler (1967) classified task groups into three types according to the nature of task interdependencies among group members in attaining their group objectives. * Interacting group * Coaching group * Counteracting group * Project Groups 2. Informal Groups: These are further classified as follows: * Interest Groups * Friendship Groups Effects of Intra-group Conflict: * Quality and quantity of team performance are considerably higher in competitive than cooperative conditions, * Heterogeneous members and consequent conflicts of interest and opinion produce better solutions to standardized sets of solutions. Affective conflict negatively influences group performance, group loyalty, work-group commitment, job satisfaction, and intent to stay in the present organization. Sources of Intra-group Conflict: * Leadership Style: * Situation A. * Situation B. * Situation C. * Universalistic approach and contingenc y approach, * i. e. , System IV for Likert and high concern for both production and people for Blake and Mouton) * Leadership can influence other variables, such as task structure, group composition, and size. * Task Structure * Routine (Simple, defined goals, procedures) * Non-routine (Complex) * Group Composition * Size * Cohesiveness and Group thinking External Threats: 1. The external conflict needs to involve some threat. 2. The external conflict must affect the entire group and all its members equally and indiscriminately, and involve a solution. 3. The group needs to have been an ongoing one with some pre-existing cohesion or consensus, and to have a leadership that can authoritatively enforce cohesion (especially if all the members of the group do not feel the threat). 4. The group must be able to deal with the external conflict, and to provide emotional comfort and support to its members. Intervention: * Process * Team building * Structural * Change group membership * Changing the group size Altering the task * Changing the reward system * Modifying rules, procedures and appeal system. STRATEGIES FOR RESOLVING: 1. Invulnerability 2. Rationale 3. Morality 4. Stereotypes 5. Pressure 6. Self-Censorship 7. Unanimity 8. Mind guards 4. INTER – GROUP CONFLICT: Intergroup relations between two or more groups and their respecti ve members are often necessary to complete the work required to operate a business. Many times, groups inter-relate to accomplish the organization’s goals and objectives, and conflict can occur. Some conflict, called functional conflict, is considered positive, because it enhances performance and identifies weaknesses. Dysfunctional conflict, however, is confrontation or interaction between groups that harms the organization or hinders attainment of goals or objectives. Causes of Intergroup Conflict: * One of the most prominent reasons for intergroup conflict is simply the nature of the group. Other reasons may be work interdependence, goal variances, differences in perceptions, and the increased demand for specialists. * Also, individual members of a group often play a role in the initiation of group conflict. Any given group embodies various qualities, values, or unique traits that are created, followed, and even defended. * These clans can then distinguish â€Å"us† from â€Å"them. Members who violate important aspects of the group, and especially outsiders, who offend these ideals in some way, normally receive some type of corrective or defensive response. * Relationships between groups often reflect the opinions they hold of each other’s characteristics. When groups share some interests and their directions seem parallel, each group may view the other positively; however, if the activities and goals of groups differ, they may view each other in a negative manner. * When trying to prevent or correct intergroup conflict, it is important to consider the history of relations between the groups in conflict. * History will repeat itself if left to its own devices. Limited resources and reward structures can foster intergroup conflict by making the differences in group goals more apparent. Resolving Inter-group conflict: The approaches available for resolving intra-personal and inter-personal conflicts can be used to solve inert-group disputes too. However, certain unique approaches are available for resolving inter-group conflict. They are: 1. Problem-solving: problem-solving is considered to be the most effective approach available as it emphasizes the attainment of the common interest of both conflicting parties. In the problem-solving strategy, attempts are made to find a solution that reconciles or integrates the need of both the parties. The two parties work together both to define the problem and to identify mutually satisfactory solutions. Moreover, there is open expression of feelings as well as exchange of task related information. 2. Organisation redesign: changing organisational structure is another approach for resolving conflict, particularly when the sources of conflict come from the coordination of work among different departments or divisions. One way of redesigning organisations is to reduce task inter dependence between groups and give each group clear responsibilities. Another way is to transfer or exchange members of conflicting groups. An appeal system may also be developed to eliminate the arbitrary use of power. 3. Super ordinate goals: appealing to super ordinate goals is another way of resolving conflict. The super ordinate goal is a common goal of both conflicting parties and the combined efforts of both parties will be needed to realize the goal. It takes precedence over other goals which may separate the conflicting parties. Survival of the organisation for example, can be a super ordinate goal. Creating awareness that the organisation’s survival will be jeopardized if conflicting groups do not work in unison and can have a salutary effect on disputing parties. 4. Expansion of resources: to the extent that scarce resources cause conflict, removing their scarcity will help resolve conflict. If Upgradation of one’s position has caused ripples elsewhere, some more jobs might be similarly upgraded. If increased budget allocation to one department has caused heart burn to the members of rival departments, the rival division’s allocation can also be correspondingly increased, and so on. 5. Avoidance: when the issue is trivial, avoidance strategy will be useful. In the avoidance strategy, the party or parties to the conflict may either withdraw from the conflict or conceal the incompatibility. In the first instance, one of the conflicting parties or both will withdraw from the conflicting situation. Where avoidance is not possible, concealing the fact by either or both conflicting parties that there is conflict may help defuse the conflict. 6. Smoothen: the process of playing down the differences between the individual and groups and highlighting their common interest is called smoothening. Finding and emphasizing similarities between conflicting parties, while playing down differences, can eventually lead the parties to realize that the two are not as far apart as was first believed. With shared viewpoints on some issue, the ability to work towards a smoothen can help reduce the intensity of the conflict and avoid an escalation of open hostility. However, smoothen is recommended as a stop gap measure to let people cool down and regain perspective. CASE STUDIES 1. Maruti Suzuki (Manesar) Company Profile: * MSIL – Maruti Suzuki India Ltd * It is a Japanese automobile company * Publicly listed automaker in India * First to mass produce and sell more than million cars The company’s headquarters are located Kasturba Gandhi Marg in New Delhi. * Products: Maruti 800, Alto, Wagnor, Ritz, Swift, Dzire, Omni, Kizashi Evolution in India: * 2 phases pre-liberalization (1983-1996) * 2 phases post liberalization (1997-2001) * Employee number : 6,903 * Style of manageme nt : Japanese style * Captured and maintains 80% market share Reasons for choosing Maruti Manesar: * It is the most recent organizational conflict * Shows practical framework of theory * Availability of proper and abundant information * It is a classic example of inter-group conflict Case Findings: * Management-Worker rift reasons: * WORKERS’ TAKE: Workers were paid lesser than counterparts in other locations * Workers were paid lesser than competitor’s workers in same position * Contract , permanent and seasonal workers were paid same wages * Working conditions – only 7 minutes tea break (both shifts) – Not allowed to attend nature’s call * The managers and supervisors resorted to use of derogatory and abusive behaviour constantly. * MANAGEMENTS APPROACH: * CEO Shinzo Nakanishi said he did not have any indication of such discontent. * workers did not attend the pre-shift meetings * Workers productivity was less, hence they were laid off Result: * Workers’ demands of wage hike not met immediately * First Step – AVOIDANCE * Second Step – De-recognition * Third Step – Fired workers * Plant and company’s productivity suffered almost 50% * Company’s goodwill marred Comparison between Theory and Practice: Summary Conclusions: * It is a case of inter-group conflict It followed closed leadership style is latent conflict * Discontent was brewing for over an year before the volcano erupted * The management should have been pro-active * Channels of communication must be strengthened * The workers should not have resorted to violence * Proper conflict resolution system should be put in effect and its presence communicated to all * Management should have empathized. * Management should alternate conflict resolution strategy as per situation 2. Indian Healthcare Organization (A Case Study on inter-personal and inter-group conflicts) Profile: * The Indian Healthcare Organization is situated in th e Budgam district of Jammu and Kashmir. * The hospital is a non-profit one, formed in the year 1979. Reasons for choosing this case study: This case contains both, inter-personal inter-group conflicts * Conflicts in a medical organisation will drastically affect the society * Through this case, we can get a clear understanding of the: * Conflict Process * Adult egos * WIN-WIN situation Situation: * One fine morning, the Indian Healthcare Organization was gearing up for its monthly meeting of the Chief Medical Officer (CMO), its other Medical and Para-medical officers. * Mr. Kumar, who is one of the paramedics in the hospital, had fixed a prior appointment in connection with discussing some problem with the CMO, Mr. Sharma, through the CMO’s personal assistant (PA). As he approached the PA’s room, a saw a Dr. Kapoor, one of the doctors in the hospital, talking to the PA. So he waited outside for sometime. * As the time of the meeting was approaching nearer, he went ins ide the PA’s room and reminded the PA of his appointment. At this Dr. Kapoor got very much irritated and annoyed for this interruption and shouted at him to leave the room, calling him an idiot. * Mr. Kumar was taken aback and felt crest fallen and started murmuring and came out of the room teary eyed. * Mr. Kumar reported the matter to his fellow paramedics who were standing outside in the corridor. All of them got infuriated and took it as an insult to the whole group. In this process, other doctors who had assembled there asked Dr. Kapoor about what has happened and learning of the whole situation, advised Mr. Kumar to forget the incident and seek a fresh appointment. * At this, a strong reaction came from the paramedics’ group and they started protesting and raising slogans. This protest eventually led to verbal as well as physical abuses between the two groups. * The CMO, Mr. Sharma came out of his Room after hearing the loud voices. Seeing the protests, he called Mr. Kumar and his group to his room to hear from them about the situation. * The group requested Dr. Sharma for immediate justice in the form of a written apology from Dr. Kapoor to Mr. Kumar, who for his no fault was badly insulted. At this, Dr. Sharma was shocked. * After this, Dr. Sharma also called Dr. Kapoor and his group members inside to hear their version and informs them about the APOLOGY demanded by the other group. They refused to do the same. * At this point Dr. Sharma was wondering how to conduct the monthly meeting. He started thinking as how to end this conflict between MEDICAL AND PARAMEDICAL GROUP. * MR. SHARMA decides to call MR. KUMAR and DR. KAPOOR together to sort out their problem. Result: * DR. KAPOOR and MR. KUMAR sit face to face in the presence of DR. SHARMA * They realize they are fighting over a petty issue They reconcile and communicate this to their respective groups who in turn mellow down. Comparison between Theory and Practice: Theory PUT into practice | Theory NOT put into Practice | * Dr. Sharma used Exploration technique. * DR. SHARMA also used problem solving and smoothing techniques of conflict resolution. * Both the parties com promised in the end and let go of â€Å"adult ego†. | * Since it is a case of conflicting personalities, STAGE IV (Behaviour) becomes STAGE I here. * Mr. Kumar did not approach the Redressal Forum. * Dr. Sharma approached both parties separately. * Both the groups did not follow protocol. | FINDINGS: It is an inter-personal conflict which blew up into an inter-group conflict * It is a WIN-WIN situation * It is also Felt conflict with parties becoming emotionally involved. * DR. SHARMA used the problem solving conflict resolution technique * The smoothing technique is also used SUGGESTIONS: * The PA should have acted in a more responsible manner * Dr. Kapoor should not have resorted to abusing Mr. Kumar * Mr. Kumar should not have involved his colleagues * Dr. Kapoor should also have refrained from group discussion * Dr. Sharma should not have met the parties separately MANAGING CONFLICT Actions to Avoid in Conflict Resolution: Do not avoid the conflict, hoping it will go away . * Do not meet separately with people in conflict. * Do not believe, for even a moment, the only people who are affected by the conflict are the participants. Actions to Undertake: * Ask each participant to describe specific actions they’d like to see the other party take * You, as the supervisor, must own some of the responsibilities * Understand if the situation needs further exploration * All participants discuss and commit * You expect the individuals to resolve the conflicts proactively as adults. * Assure both parties that you have every faith in their ability to resolve their differences BIBLIOGRAPHY Books: Websites: How to cite Conflict Process and Management, Essay examples

Condom Distribution in Public School Systems free essay sample

Condom Distribution in Public School Systems According to the Center for Disease Control, there are approximately nineteen million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases reported every year. While this number seems astounding, it is more surprising that nearly half of those instances occur in the 15-25 year age group. Furthermore, nearly 300,000 unplanned teenage pregnancies arise mostly because of poor or no condom use (Ventura 53). Condom use has proven to be a very effective method to prevent pregnancy and sexually ransmitted diseases, if condoms are used properly. Currently, there is much debate being stirred up as to whether or not condoms should be distributed in public school systems. While many look at the statistics in shock, and openly embrace the idea of offering free contraception to teenagers, there is a strong opposition as well. Those who stand against condom distribution believe that condom distribution is a way of promoting sexual activity, and believe in the teaching of abstinence-only education in the schools. The habits taught and promoted during teen years will be long lasting. Therefore, with proper education and the distribution of free contraception, there will be prevention of poor sexual behavior in that particular age group and, over time, in older age groups as well. Each year, the United States spends millions of dollars in order to aid developing countries in Africa that struggle with the AIDS epidemic. At the same time, people are arguing that there is not enough money to provide contraception, namely condoms, to the public schools, especially ones in poorer areas of the country. Many students in underprivileged neighborhoods lack the funds to purchase condoms or eel that the money spent to purchase condoms could be spent to buy other necessities. Lower class areas are the highest areas of unwanted pregnancies and STD infection (Kaiser 8). This problem may be severely lessened if proper sexual education was taught in the schools, along with the distribution of free condoms. The majority of the opposition thinks that if condoms are not available for free in the public school system, students engaging in sexual intercourse will purchase them elsewhere, namely outside of the schools. This is a somewhat of an unrealistic belief ecause not all teens will purchase condoms, which they do not think will be necessary. On the other hand, if condoms are offered in schools, students will always carry contraception on them, which will greatly increase the chance of using it if they decide to engage in sexual activity. The United States has a significantly lower contraception rate than that of Western Europe, both in consistency, and in effectiveness. However, Western Europe shows a higher trend of contraception the teaching and distribution of condoms, we are able to prevent a whole array of problems in our teenage population. The cost of providing health care and other essentials to youth afflicted with a sexually transmitted disease is relatively high, in comparison to the cost of providing condoms to that teenager. Even worse is an unwanted pregnancy. The cost of abortion, emergency contraception, or even the aid needed to support the baby is far greater than that of the contraception that could have been provided to prevent the pregnancy. The opposing movement however feels that their tax dollars should not be spent on something that they either do not believe in, or strongly oppose. The idea of supporting a program that offends them, hich utilizes the money they work so hard to earn, is not only unfair, but also insulting. Their tax dollars will still go towards treating those who have suffered the consequences of poor sexual behavior; expenses that were already mentioned are much more costly than contraception. Some argue that the government must step in and allocate funds to provide contraception to public schools, where kids may not be able to afford to purchase condoms on their own. People against the education and distribution of condoms in the public schools believe that the better alternative is to teach an abstinence-only policy, which eaches students not to engage in any sort of sexual activity until marriage. However, the curriculum fails to teach the concepts of contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, proper and healthy relationships, and other aspects of sexual education that help students make the right choice when it comes to sexual intercourse. By adopting and concentrating on an abstinence only curriculum, the teachers would be depriving students of very vital knowledge. Abstinence could co-exist with contraception and in that way it would be easier to implement in schools where there s a strong presence of religion, consequently where abstinence-only is usually taught. Contraception should be taught as the back-up plan for abstinence, not as an opposition. To think that teaching abstinence-only is a sure method of preventing poor sexual behavior, or any sexual behavior for that matter, is thought to be extremely naive. One study was performed in order to test whether or not abstinence pledges were being upheld. Although there was no difference in the rate of sexually transmitted diseases in the two groups, the percentage of students who eported condom use was about 10 points lower for those who had taken the pledge, and they were about six percentage points less likely to use any form of contraception. About 24 percent of those who had taken a pledge said they always used condoms, compared with about 34 percent of those who had not taken a pledge (Stein A02). These numbers deliver a staggering blow to educators and activists alike, who believe that abstinence is a better approach than teaching about contraception. The difference in contraception maybe due to the fact that abstinence-only programs give misleading information about safe sex practices. This hows that not only is abstinence-only education ineffective, but actually counterproductive in protecting teenagers from proper condom use (Stein A02). Many people believe that Abstinence education is fine, but abstinence-only education has no place in the public schools

Recruitment Essay Example

Recruitment Essay Certificate to be Signed by the Candidate Appendix F Declaration to be Signed by the Candidate Selected for Training for Grant of Commission Appendix G Bond to be Signed by the Parent/Guardian and the Candidate Selected Appendix H Agreement to be Signed by the Candidate Selected for Grant of Commission Appendix J Service Subjects FOREWORD 1. These instructions have been specifically compiled for candidates selected as trainee officers and joining Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala for their ab-initio training. They contain guidelines to facilitate your smooth transition into the training environment of the Indian Naval Academy and further on into the Indian Navy. 2. The Indian Naval Academy is located at Ezhimala in the Kannur (Cannanore) District of Kerala, which forms a part of its North Malabar region. The Indian Naval Academy is a national prestigious project which was inaugurated by Dr. Manmohan Singh, the Honourable Prime Minister of India on 08 January 2009. The Academy is the premier training establishment of the Indian Navy conducting basic training for all officers being inducted into the Navy under various schemes. 3. Nestled between the imposing Mount Dilli, serene Kavvayi backwaters and the majestic Arabian Sea, Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala provides an idyllic setting for training with its picturesque and tranquil environment. 4. The curriculum at the Indian Naval Academy has been specifically formulated to mould you into a morally upright, physically robust, mentally alert and technologically aware professional, dedicated to excellence. The implementation of the curriculum is oriented to ensure a clean break from the traditional strait jacketed mentality and infuse in you a sense of innovativeness, creativity and resourcefulness leading to developing a passion for excellence. 5. At Indian Naval Academy, the staff is committed to impart the highest quality of training, and to mould trainees into officers and gentlemen. We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What we expect from you is sincerity of effort and diligence in an endeavour to bring out the best in you. 4 SECTION I EZHIMALA – GOD’S OWN LAND 1. The name ‘Ezhimala’ is believed to have been derived from the seven hills (‘Ezhu’ means seven and ‘Mala’ means hill in Malayalam) that dominate the skyline of this area. The place was also known as ‘Elimalai’ meaning ‘Rat Hill’ (‘Eli’ in Malayalam means rat). Yet another legend has it that the name was derived from ‘Ezhil Malai’ meaning Land of Beauty (‘Ezhil’ means beauty). Folklore has it that the seven hills are parts of the ‘Rishabadri’ ountain that fell to earth when Lord Hanuman was carrying the mountain with Mrita Sanjivani and other herbs to Lanka for Lakshaman’s treatment after he was critically injured and lying in coma during the epic battle of Ramayana. As though to substantiate this, the ar ea has many rare medicinal herbs. 2. History. During the Sangam era, approximately 1500 years ago, ‘Ezhimala’ was known as ‘Ezhimalai’. Sangam literature gives us a vivid picture of the life of people at Ezhimala. In 500 AD there were three main kingdoms spanning the modern state of Kerala viz, Aynad in the South, Cheranad in the Centre and Ezhimalainad in the North. The modern districts of Kannur and Kasargode were part of Ezhimalainad ruled by ‘Nanan’. At its zenith Nanan’s rule extended up to Wynad and Gudalur in the foothills of the Western Ghats, bordering the present day Mysore district in Karnataka. It is believed that Nanan buried an immense treasure of coins in 491 AD in the foothills of Ezhimala. The Kolathiri Raja took over the reins of the kingdom from the Nanan dynasty in the 14th century AD. The Kolathiri Raja translated the name ‘Ezhimalai’ into ‘Saptasilam’ for the seven hills that dominate the area. In the 18th century Tipu Sultan captured the area and it fell into the hands of the British, after they defeated Tipu Sultan in the third Mysore War. 3. Location. Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala is situated approximately 35 km North of Kannur (Cannanore) and 135 km South of Mangalore, on the West Coast of peninsular India. 5 4. Accessibility. Indian Naval Academy is well connected by rail and road. The nearest railway station is at Payyanur, a town located 10 km away from the naval base. Payyanur is situated along NH 17 between Mangalore and Kannur. The broad gauge railway line links Payyanur to Mumbai and other major cities in Western, Central and Northern India via the Konkan Railway. The broad gauge rail network also links Payyanur to Chennai and other major cities in Eastern India (via Chennai) and Southern India (via Palakkad). The nearest airport is located at Mangalore, about 135 km from Indian Naval Academy. An international airport is also situated at Kozhikode, 165 km south of the Academy. There is regular private bus service between Indian Naval Academy, Payyanur and Kannur. 5. Climate. Ezhimala has a tropical climate. Exceptionally heavy rainfall is experienced during monsoons, which last from May/June to December. The summer months ie from March to May/June are hot and humid. The period between January to March is mild. The average annual rainfall is about 350 cm and temperatures range between 21 to 31 C during November to February and 27 to 38 C in summers. The relative humidity in the area is fairly high through the year. 6. Clothing. Tropical clothes are worn throughout the year. Light woollens may however be carried for wearing while visiting Ooty/ Bangalore/ Wayanad during the course of training. 7. Languages Spoken. Malayalam is the lingua franca of the area. However English can be understood and spoken by majority of the local population. Hindi is understood, but not spoken by the people. 8. Places of Interest. (a) Towns. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Payyanur – 10 km. Kannur (Cannanore) – 35 km. Mangalore – 120 km. Kozhikode (Calicut) – 150 km. (b) Places of Historical Interest. (i) (ii) Pazhassi Dam – 70 km South East of Indian Naval Academy. Paithal Mala – 65 km East of Indian Naval Academy. (iii) Bekal Fort – a grand fort located 55 km North of Indian Naval Academy. (iv) Chandragairi Fort – 65 km North of Indian Naval Academy. Naval (v) St Angelo Fort – located at Kannur, 40 km from Indian Academy. 6 (c) Beaches. (i) Muzhapilngadu a drive-in beach about 55 km South of Indian Naval Academy. (ii) Payyambalam located in Kannur about 40 km South of Indian Naval Academy. (iii) Pallikara – near Bekal fort, about 55 km North of Indian Naval Academy. (iv) (d) Kappil – situated about 5 km North of Bekal Fort. Other Places of Interest. (i) Parassinikkadavu Snake Park – 35 km South of Indian Naval Academy. (ii) Valiyaparamba Islands – located in picturesque Kavvayi backwaters. 7 SECTION II USEFUL ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS 1. Postal Particulars. The Indian Naval Academy has a full-fledged post office. The postal and telegraphic address during your stay at the Academy will be as follows:(a) Postal Address. Sub Lieutenant Indian Naval Academy Naval Academy PO Ezhimala Kannur, Kerala 670310 Sub Lieutenant Indian Naval Academy Naval Academy PO Ezhimala Kannur, Kerala 670310 (b) Telegraphic Address. (c) Official Address. All official letters must be addressed to The Commandant, Indian Naval Academy on the following address:The Commandant (for Training Captain) Indian Naval Academy Naval Academy PO Ezhimala Kannur, Kerala 670310 2. Official E-Mail Address. trgcaptain. [emailprotected] com 3. Important Telephones/Fax. Ser 1. 2. 3. Designation Commander Training Team Adjutant Flotilla Duty Officer Telephone 04985-223700 04985-224164 9446400188 04985-222 786 9446507980 Fax 04985-224165 04985-224164 04985-222 786 4. Travelling. You are entitled to travel by train in II AC and are to travel at your own expense while joining the Indian Naval Academy. The amount expended on your journey to the Academy will be reimbursed on joining, after producing the journey ticket. The nearest railway station from the Academy is Payyanur. Trainees arriving from various destinations should preferably disembark at Payyanur Station. Payyanur station can be reached as follows:- 8 (a) Rail. All trains on the Konkan Railway route except Rajdhani Express (plying between Delhi Thiruvananthapuram), Sampark Kranti Express (plying between Chandigarh – Thiruvananthapuram), Jodhpur Express (plying between Jodhpur – Thiruvananthapuram) and Jaipur Maru Sagar Express (plying between Jaipur – Ernakulam) halt at Payyanur. The nearest stop for Rajdhani, Sampark Kranti, Jodhpur and Jaipur Maru Sagar Express is Kannur. b) Road. NH 17 connects Payyanur with Kannur and Mangalore. There are regular state government and private bus services connecting Payyanur to Kannur and Mangalore. Trainees arriving by bus are to disembark at Payyanur bus stand (located within Payyanur town, about four km from railway station). (c) Air. Payyanur does not have an airport. The nearest airport is located at Mangalore, 135 km from Payyanu r. Indian Airlines, Jet Airways and a number of privated airlines operate services to and from Mangalore. The other airport is at Kozhikode (Calicut), 165 km from Payyanur. Both, Mangalore and Kozhikode, are well connected to Payyanur by road and rail. 5. Transport to Indian Naval Academy. You are required to intimate your arrival particulars to Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala, by fax/ telegram / speed post/ e-mail at the earliest. A reception cell would be set up at Payyanur Railway Station on the days mentioned on your call letter. A suitable transport would be provided to convey you from Payyanur railway station to the Academy. If you arrive by any other means, you are requested to reach the Payyanur railway station on your own. The Payyanur/ Kannur bus stand and railway station are well connected by bus service/ auto rickshaw service. If you arrive on any other day, you are to make your own arrangements to reach the Academy. In case of any difficulty or doubt you may contact the Training Office/ Flotilla Duty Officer/ Officer of the Day, Indian Naval Academy on telephone. 6. Acknowledgement of Appointment. The receipt of Appointment Letter/ telegram despatched from Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy) is to be acknowledged by fax/ speed post/ courier, stating the arrival details as per the format given at Appendix A. . Clothing. (a) Personal Clothing. A list of the minimum essential items required to be brought along by gentleman trainees and women trainees while reporting to the Indian Naval Academy is given at Appendix B and C. It is requested that all clothing/items indicated in the appendices mentioned ibid be necessarily carried while reporting for training. Additional clothing/items req uired thereafter shall be made available at the Academy. (b) Uniform. Various naval uniforms will be stitched for you on arrival at the Academy. You will be required to pay for the uniform cloth and stitching charges as per laid down rates except for Cadet entry who will have free issue of uniforms. You are requested to fax/ speed post/ courier your shoe size and measurements for stitching uniforms, in the format given at Appendix D, to Indian Naval Academy separately. On completion of the course you will be required to carry all the uniforms thus acquired. It would thus be advisable to bring a 32† suitcase or equivalent and a handbag for the purpose. In case you do not bring these along with you, they can easily be purchased from the unit canteen. The money to 9 purchase them will have to be brought in addition to the amount mentioned in Para 9 below. (c) Miscellaneous Clothing. You will be required to purchase/ stitch certain items of personal clothing at the Academy. These would include squadron vests, squadron shorts, squadron T-shirts, Academy T-Shirts, Academy Track Suit, Academy Blazer, a lounge suit, Academy Tie and Academy Muftis. 8. Documents. The candidates are to hand over the original and two unattested photocopies each, of the under mentioned documents on arrival at Indian Naval Academy:(a) (b) Own Risk Certificate (Appendix E). Declaration (Appendix F). (c) Bond (Appendix G to be executed jointly by the parent/guardian and the selected candidate on non-judicial stamp paper of a value of Rs 100/- or as applicable to the state of your residence). (d) Agreement (Appendix H to be signed by the candidate selected for the grant of commission). (e) Appointment letter/telegram sent by Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy) intimating selection of the candidate. (f) (g) (h) (j) (k) Class X passing certificate (matriculation certificate). Class X marksheet. Class XII passing certificate. Class XII marksheet. Degree certificate. l) Degree final year marksheet (including marksheets for all previous years/ semesters). (m) PAN Card (If applied for but not received then relevant documents) 9. Deposit Money. A minimum sum of Rs 35,000/- in the form of a demand draft in your favour, payable at the State Bank of India, Naval Academy Branch, Ezhimala (Branch Code 8056) or ICICI Bank, New Building Perumba, Payya nur , Kannur, Kerala -670307 is to be brought by you and deposited in your personal bank account, which you would be opening at the State Bank of India, Ezhimala, or ICICI bank in Payyanur on your reporting to Academy. Delays are sometimes encountered in the promulgation of Government of India Gazette pertaining to your appointment as a Sub Lieutenant and consequent remittance of pay into your bank accounts. The deposit money is thus a safety net to cater for basic expenditure during training, if a delay takes place in remittance of your pay into your saving bank account. This deposit money would be used to meet the following expenses:- 10 (a) Pocket/personal expenses Rs 5,000/- @ Rs 1,000/- per month. (b) Expenses on laundry, civilian bearer, hair cutting and other sundry services Rs 4250/- @ Rs 850/- per month. c) Expenses on stitching/ purchase of Academy blazer, Pinstripe Suit, Uniforms, Academy tie, Academy mufti, formal wear including footwear, Academy sportswear, jogging shoes, jungle boots, swimming trunk/suits, satchels and other stationery Rs 20,000/(d) Travelling expenses for proceeding to next duty station or home station on leave on completion of the Naval Orientation Course (though yo u would be entitled to free journey warrants, you will have to meet other expenses enroute) Rs 2,000/(e) Table money charge and subscriptions for Cadets’ Mess Rs 750/- per month. Rs 3,750/- @ 10. Initial Settling Down. When you report at Indian Naval Academy you will be entering a regimented and disciplined environment, which is quite different from civilian life. Not many of you would have experienced such an environment. The stresses and strains that you will feel initially are a part of the settling down process. The academic, physical, mental and moral training that you will undergo is designed to achieve certain minimum standards for your all round development, which is a prerequisite for every officer of the Indian Navy. 1. Encouragement from Parents. Parents/Guardians of trainees may note that the initial stresses and strains that the trainee is undergoing may be evident from his letters to them from the Academy after reporting. They are advised to encourage and guide their child/ward to help him/her in adapting to and settling down in this disciplined environment. One of the ways of taking a step in this direction is to allow your son/daughter to trav el alone from home to the Academy and not accompanying them on this journey. 2. Resignation. Despite all our encouragement and help, should you feel that you are unable to adapt to the service environment, you may resign from the navy after paying the cost of training and allied charges as fixed by the Government of India from time to time. If you apply for resignation within a period of 14 days of reporting to Indian Naval Academy, you shall be sent on leave pending formal and final approval from the Government. If you resign after 14 days, you will be allowed to proceed on leave pending withdrawal only on approval from Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy) subject to final and formal approval from Government of India and recovery of cost of training and allied charges. 13. Prohibited Items. You are not to bring any of the following to the Academy:(a) (b) (c) Dogs or other pets. Wireless sets (mobile phones are not allowed). Car, motorcycle, bicycles. 11 (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (j) (k) (l) Air guns, firearms and ammunition. Private servants. Wines, spirits, liquors, drugs and intoxicants. Articles of value or jewellery. Electric heaters. Music system Eatables of any nature. Stuffed toys, decorative items, posters, etc. (m) Cigarettes or other smoking material (smoking is prohibited at Indian Naval Academy). 14. Discipline. You would be subject to Naval Law in accordance with the Navy Act 1957 from the time you report to the Academy for the Naval Orientation Course. 15. Leave. Except for leave on medical or extreme compassionate grounds, no leave would be granted during the period of training. You may, however, be permitted to proceed outside the Academy premises on Sundays and holidays subject to meeting certain stipulations. While proceeding home on leave or travelling to the next duty station, on completion of the Naval Orientation Course, you are entitled to travel in II AC on free railway warrant. 12 SECTION III FACILITIES AT INDIAN NAVAL ACADEMY 1. Sports and Games. Sports and games are conducted every day to develop trainees interest and proficiency in outdoor games as also sportsmanship. To this end, modern facilities are being developed for football, hockey, basketball, volleyball, tennis, badminton, squash, cricket, swimming and all water sports at the Indian Naval Academy. 2. Extra Curricular Activities. Extra curricular activities such as quiz, debates, snap talks, prepared talks and dramatics/ music competitions are conducted to improve the overall personality of a trainee. The trainees are also provided opportunity to take part and develop interest in various hobby club activities such as yachting, trekking, photography, sailing, painting, IT, etc. which could be pursued by them during their leisure time. 3. Cinema. A modern auditorium cum cinema hall is being constructed in the premises of the Academy and is expected to be ready by Dec 2010. At present various classics revealing the traits of military leadership and training documentaries are screened every Sunday evening in the temporary auditorium located within the Academy Main Building Complex ( Aryabhatta). Library. The Indian Naval Academy has a well-stocked library with over 20000 4. books on various subjects including fiction and classics. Several leading periodicals and newspapers in English and Hindi also provide adequate reading material. Trainees are tasked to review books to inculcate the habit of reading in them and to help them hone their English writing skills. 5. Canteen. A Canteen outlet functions within the base for sale of toiletries, clothing and other items of common use. Specific timings are promulgated for trainees to avail the services of the canteen. 6. Cafeteria. A cafeteria functions within the training area of the Academy. It offers fast food, sweets, cold drinks and oriental as well as traditional menu at a reasonable price. The trainees can have meals and snacks against cash payment and also entertain guests and visitors at the cafeteria. Trainees may utilise the cafeteria as follows provided no training activity is scheduled:Days (a) (b) (c) 7. Timing Weekdays 1430 – 1515 h and1730 1815 h Wednesdays/Saturdays 1430 – 1515 h and 1730 2000 h Sundays /holidays 1000 2000 h Amenities. The following facilities are also available: (a) (b) Tailoring service. Stationery and General store. 13 (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Trainees Saloon. Laundry. STD booth. Broadband Internet (this facility is available within the squadrons). Cobbler facility. 8. Transport. Transport is provided to trainees for training purposes only. The trainees are not allowed to keep any form of private/personal transport. 9. Medical Facilities. A Medical Inspection Room (mini hospital) is available at Indian Naval Academy. A 64-bed hospital with state of the art facilities is under construction. There are many large military and civil hospitals in the vicinity of the Academy where trainees are referred for specialised medical treatment, if required. Medical treatment is provided free of cost to the trainees. 10. Cultural and Social Activities. These activities are conducted from time to time for all round development of the trainees. They include the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (f) Inter Squadron Dramatics. Inter Squadron Debate. Inter Squadron Quiz. Academy Dinner Night. Squadron Socials 11. Guest Lectures and Practice Public Speaking. Guest lectures by eminent personalities are organised periodically. Prepared talks and snap talks are also conducted regularly, wherein trainees are given the opportunity to develop their oratory skills. 12. Messing. While under training at the Academy, you will be messing in the Trainees’ Mess. You will be provided with entitled messing and allied services (including light, water, and conservancy and part payment of laundry). Entitled messing or allowance in lieu, will not, however, be admissible during vacations, when you are permitted to leave the Academy premises. 13. Accommodation. You will be provided with free accommodation and would be obliged to live in the accommodation allotted. Each trainee shall have an independent cabin of his own. Permission to live out will not be granted in any case. 14. Telephone Calls. An STD booth is located in the Cafeteria where Trainees are permitted to make STD calls. Trainees are not permitted to keep mobile phone at the Academy. 14 15. Incoming STD Calls from Parents/Guardians. Incoming calls from next of kin/guardians will be entertained only on the days and timings as below at designated phones located in the Squadrons: (a) (b) All Saturdays All Sundays/holidays 1830 2030 h 1600 2100 h 16. Civilian Bearers. Civilian bearers or orderlies are employed to carry out various chores, so that the trainees can focus on training activities. 17. Internet. A broadband internet facility operates from the Computer room in each Squadron and from the library during stipulated times. 18. Bank. A branch of the State Bank of India with an ATM facility is functional in the campus. In addition, a branch of ICICI bank, located in Payyanur has an ATM facility in close proximity of trainees’ accommodation. You will be required to open a bank account on arrival (if not opened prior joining) and shall be given an ATM card within two weeks. Alternately, you may choose to open an account in either of these banks at your home town and carry along necessary documents/ATM card for transactions at Ezhimala. Trainees are not permitted to keep more than Rs 1000/- in cash within the Academy. Branches of all major banks and their ATM facilities are located at Kannur. 15 SECTION IV ORGANISATION AND TRAINING 1. Organisational Structure. The Indian Naval Academy organisational structure is designed to provide optimum resources for the conduct of training. The main departments under The Commandant are Training Faculty, Academic Faculty, Administration (including base depot ship, INS Zamorin), Logistics and Medical (including Naval Hospital Navjeevani). All matters relating to trainees fall under the purview of the Training Faculty. The Training Faculty deals with professional training in naval service subjects, and all forms of outdoor training. All matters pertaining to trainees such as accommodation, messing, discipline etc are also dealt by the Training Faculty. The administration, logistics and medical departments provide vital support for the conduct of training. 2. Decorum of Training. Being the ‘cradle’ for all officer entrants of the Navy and Coast Guard, it is imperative that all trainees at the Indian Naval Academy maintain the highest standards of turnout and self-discipline. . Initial Training. The period of initial training is 22 weeks training for trainee SLTs. On completion of ab-initio training you shall proceed for specialised training in your respective branches at various training establishments/ ships of the Indian Navy. Some of you may also proceed on leave prior specialised training as per a detailed plan which will be intimated on arrival at eth Academy. 4. Major Service Subj ects Covered. The list of various service subjects covered for Naval Orientation course is placed at Appendix J. 5. Examination. Examinations are conducted at various stages during the course and trainees are graded for performance based on a prescribed scale. Incentives for excellence in service subjects include book prizes, awards, trophies and medals. 6. Outdoor Training. The following outdoor activities form an important part of the curriculum: (a) Physical Training (PT). PT sessions are conducted in the early mornings and extra coaching is conducted in the afternoons. Beginning with simple exercises, the trainee is gradually conditioned for advanced exercises over a period of ten weeks. The trainee is required to clear the prescribed PT tests by the end of the course. Failure to clear the mandatory physical tests within the laid down period (including grace period) would entail relegation (repetition of the course). (b) Swimming. Swimming is compulsory and all trainees are required to clear the basic swimming test before the end of course. The basic swimming test consists of swimming 50 m (any stroke) followed by floating for three minutes while wearing a full sleeve shirt and a pair of trousers. (c) Watermanship Training (WST). Theoretical as well as practical instructions are imparted in watermanship. Sufficient practical classes are conducted, so as to enable the trainee to understand the parts of a boat, rig the sails of a boat and 16 handle the boats in water. Proficient trainees are also given the opportunity to sail in Enterprise Class dinghies as part of the hobby club activities. Watermanship activities include:(i) Pulling/sailing training in 27 feet service whaler boat (rowing and sailing boat). (ii) (iii) Sailing (yachting) in Enterprise Class dinghy (sailboat). Power boat handling. d) Drill. Drill is the bedrock of discipline. Instructions in squad drill (ie, as part of a contingent) are imparted from the beginning of the course till completion. Rifle and sword drill form an integral part of parade training. Trainees are also taught how to lead a contingent/ squad. Small Arms training is an integral part of the training curriculum. The trainees are taught to handle and fire a variety of small arm s during their stay at the Academy. (e) Camps. During the course, the trainees would proceed for an outdoor camp of four days duration. During the camp, trainee would be acquainted with aspects of map reading, land fighting, survival in hostile terrain as well as long distance sailing. (f) Outbound Visits. The trainees would also visit various civil/military establishments during outbound educational trips organised by the Academy. 7. Passing Out Parade (POP). A Passing Out Parade is held at the end of the course wherein successful trainees pass out of the Indian Naval Academy and proceed for their next phase of training. 17 SECTION V PHYSICAL CONDITIONING 1. Physical fitness is a major attribute of an individual in uniform. Being physically fit enables an individual to utilise his mental faculties better and the Indian Navy desires that all its personnel are able to utilise their potential to the optimum in the service of the navy and the country. Physical training therefore forms an important element of the training curriculum at the Indian Naval Academy. 2. Past experience has revealed that trainees experience considerable difficulty in adapting to the physical training regime. Our analysis shows that this is primarily on account of the fact that a majority of the trainees have had very limited participatory experience in sports activities. 3. Realising the limitations prevalent in our schools and colleges on the physical fitness training front, a very scientific approach is being followed at the Academy to gradually lead the candidates to the required standards of physical proficiency. It would however be prudent for candidates to utilise the time available prior to joining the navy, to condition themselves physically so that they can adapt to the training regime easier. A candidate should endeavour to do the following at least three to four times a week: Ser (a) (b) (c) Activity Running/jogging Sit-ups – straight legs Push ups Remark At least 2 to 3 km 20 10-15 . Proficiency in swimming is another necessity for a person in white uniform. It will help to a great extent if you can avail of the facilities of any water body in the vicinity of your home and gain experience in this field. You will of course be trained by the navy in swimming, but it will help if you already posses the basic skills. 5. Physical Efficienc y Test. During your training at the Academy, you will be required to clear the Physical Efficiency Test (PET). These physical tests are designed for an average person and are the minimum standards expected from an officer in uniform. The PET standards expected to be passed are as follows: Ser No (a) (b) (c) Test For Men 2. 5 km run Bent knee sit ups Push ups Less than 11:30 25 repetitions 21 repetitions Remark 18 Ser No (d) (e) Test 300 m shuttle Swimming Less than 59 s Remark (f) (g) (h) (j) (k) (l) 50 m any style, 03:00 floating and 5 m jump For Women 1 mile run Less than 11:00 Bent knee sit ups 20 repetitions Shot put throw (12 4. 5 m lbs) 60 m sprint Less than 10 s Jump and reach 11† and more Swimming 50 m any style, 03:00 floating and 3 m jump 6. Swimming Test. During your training at the academy, you will also be required to clear a swimming test of swimming 50 m (Breast Stroke) followed by 03:00 min standing floating and 5 m jump(Standing-Feet down) for men and 3 m jump (Standing-Feet down) for women. 19 Appendix A (Refers to Para 6 of Section II) LETTER OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (Fax/Speed Post) Name of the Candidate_________________ (In block letters) Address _______________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Ph No: _________________________________ The Directorate of Manpower Planning Recruitment (OI R Section) Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy) Room No 204, C Wing, Sena Bhavan New Delhi 110011 Fax No: 011-23011282 SELECTION UNDER PERMANENT/ SHORT SERVICE COMMISSION Sir, 1. I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy) Letter OF/ ________ dated _______________ selecting me for training as a Sub Lieutenant (Permanent/ Short Service Commission). 2. I confirm that I will report to the Commandant, Indian Naval Academy on ________________ for the training commencing on ________________. . I expect to reach Payyanur railway/ bus station at ________ (Time) on ___________ (Date) by _______________________________________ (name and number of train/ bus). Yours faithfully, (Signature) Copy to: The Commandant (Fax No: 04985-224165) (for Training Captain) Indian Naval Academy Naval Academy PO Ezhimala, Kannur 670310 Kerala 20 Appendix B (Refers to Para 7 of Section I I) LIST OF CLOTHING- MEN TRAINEES Personal Clothing 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Socks (plain black and white) : Six pairs each Neck tie : One Pure white full sleeve ready made shirts with no pleats : Three front borders Vests cotton (white sleeveless eg VIP Bonus) : Twelve Underwear (readymade white) : Twelve Towels (plain white Turkish large) : Three Sleeping suits (Light Blue) : Three Handkerchiefs (plain white) : Twelve Trousers (black colour with single pleat outwards) : Two Civil clothing : Four pairs Alarm clock : One Black shoes – Derby Pattern (without the toe piece, : One pair eg Bata Ambassador) : One Torch pocket (size to suit carrying in shirt pocket) Black leather sandals with back strap : One pair Bathroom slippers : One pair White and black thread with buttons and at least two needles Bedding 19. 20. White bed sheets White pillow covers Sports Clothing 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. White T-shirts with collars (plain white half sleeves) : White shorts (plain white, single pleat, without elastic) : Swimming cap (maroon colour for Sikh personne l only) : Personal sports gear like racquets etc : White cotton sports socks : Swimming trunk (dark sober colours) : White Sports (running) shoes (Reebok/Nike/Adidas) : T Recruitment Essay Example Recruitment Essay Recruitment plays a major role in any organisational structure. It has to do with the selection of the best candidate for a specific and vacant job posting. There are numerous methods and techniques which it uses to accomplish the objective of choosing the right candidate for a role. It is the responsibility of the Human Resources department to carry out the task of recruitment. At the heart of every organization is the recruitment and selection process (Robert 2007). In the process of so doing, there are various methods which it uses in order to come to the decision of hiring a candidate, out of numerous candidates to fill a vacancy. Below is a summary of the whole process of recruitment and selection as illustrated by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development: There are various recruitment and selection methods which hiring managers can use to make decisions about recruitment. These include the use of interview techniques, the use of the candidates, resume/CV, assessment centres, work-based tests, competency-based assessments, graphology, simulations, application forms, interest inventories among others (Roberts 2005). All the mentioned types of recruitment and selection processes all have varying unique components which make them applicable for use by different recruiters. There are also limitations to the usage of certain recruitment methods over other methods and hence the need for the recruiter to be aware of the right method for the job description, which in turn will enable them to select the right candidate. What are the benefits of using interviews in the recruitment over non-competency tests? How are assessment centres better than using methods like graphology in selecting candidates? It all depends on the Human Resources team to know what will work best and hence, take the appropriate measures to implement the correct recruitment plan. We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For the purpose of this paper, I will be focusing on the use of assessment centres in the selection process. An in-depth analysis of assessment centres will be carried out. This will involve the evaluation of its strengths, weaknesses and the perceived utility. How these centres work and what is the main purpose of the assessment centre? In what ways is it unique and distinct, when compared to other recruitment and selection processes? These questions will be answered during the course of this analysis. The term assessment centre refers to an approach or method which is used to analyse candidates, through the use of tests that are designed specifically to evaluate individual characteristics by being geared towards a developmental approach. It is very hands-on approach and enables the candidate to be fully involved in the various evaluations used. Therefore, it is typical for candidates to be invited to assessments centres where they are involved in tasks where they are evaluated based on their approach to certain projects, while at the same time being monitored by assessors, whose roles are to provide the feedback at the end of the period. The tasks performed are similar to the actual requirements of the job for which the candidate is being recruited for. It is usually inclusive of general skills tests like teamworking and relationship building, leadership, flexibility, communication, decision-making among others (Pigford 2000:33). The use of psychometric tests as well as interviews are employed. Therefore, it is very important that the candidates prepare thoroughly and try to be as natural as possible. Strengths Assessment centres are very efficient when a large amount of candidates apply for one position. It has the unique effect of short-listing the best candidates using the various tools of assessment. These centres are also very effective in observing the candidates in simulated conditions, in order to ascertain their suitability for the role. This is really important because there are processes of selections, whereby the candidates put up an appearance which is completely false. Hence, when they are offered the job, they cannot meet the expectations of the company because they never had the right skills in the very first place. This danger is easily eradicated by the use of assessment centres. Another advantage of an assessment centre is that it uses various approaches to determine the interpersonal skills of prospective candidates. These skills include communication, leadership, teamworking and decision-making just to mention a few. These centres are also very cost-effective because they usually are held and conducted for not just one individual, but a group of them. The cost benefits are also intangible at first, however upon a closer examination, its cost-effectiveness can be felt. For instance, the cost to the business of making the time to interview candidates at different dates is reduced when all the candidates are invited to be in one venue. As noted, this process is very time efficient as it is cost-efficient. For the same reasons of bringing the hiring managers and candidates together in a very short space of time is definitely an excellent advantage. In addition to the above mentioned, assessment centres are very unique because they can combine numerous selection methods together. For instance, assessment centres also conduct competency based tests, psychometric tests and they also use interview skills in some cases. The result of this is that the feedbacks from such assessments are of very high quality because they have taken various aspects into consideration. A unique advantage of assessments centres are because they can be used interchangeably for the purpose of assessment and for the purpose of development. In other words, assessment centres help both the candidates and employers to re-address aspects of their practises, with the desire to improve upon them. Finally, for the candidate, the assessment centre is serves as an excellent way to demonstrate practical skills which the employer is looking for. More often than not, it is not uncommon to have candidates with a wide variety of skills and attributes which they display at the assessment centre, thereby leading to an impressive display and performance, which the employer is impressed by. These centres are all about performance management (Edenborough 2005:22) Assessment centres are very objective and are used to examine candidates and ‘cross-examine’ them again, in other words, actually proving that the resume and the person specification actually are a definite match. This is an advantage which it has over interviews, where candidates sometimes say what the recruiters would like to hear (Price 2007). Weaknesses Traditionally, assessment centres were known to test candidates to the limit, after which they were given some scores and results indicating their results. This was seen to be a one-sided technique because the candidates were not allowed to actively participate in the activities. Therefore, development was non-existent.   Even with modifications to the original ideology of these centres, there are still occasions when such takes place. In this case,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   this serves as a limitation and defeats the entire purpose of assessment centres. Assessment centres do not place a great deal of emphasis on self-assessment. Therefore, the candidates has little self-evaluation and feedback. To the average candidate, the assessment centre tends to be seen as very daunting. Due to the very essence of its nature, a lot of candidates see it as stressful as sitting for examinations. Therefore when they go to these centres, they do not particularly look forward to it. Furthermore, in comparison to selection procedures like interest inventories, the assessment centre cannot be comparable and is often not seen as fun or discovering the true personality of a candidate and matching their personas with the job specification. Interviews, are sometimes incorporated into assessment centres, however, candidates seem to be more forthcoming with interviews than the concept of the assessment centre approach. There is another limitation with assessment centres which is overwhelmingly describable – the duration for which it lasts. The thought of continuous assessment for a couple of days can be viewed as being too long and very rigorous. It puts the candidates under intensive and sometimes under extra strain. It is advised that these centres should not be too pressurised( Sabbagh) Unlike the interview sessions, assessment centres do not afford the candidates and assessors opportunities to develop strong interaction and good rapport. Whereas in face to face and one-on-one selection processes, the candidates and interviewers can communicate more up-close unlike in assessment centres. The reason that this is necessary is because there are certain traits and perceptive characteristics, which the hiring manager can only discover about candidates when there is a more face-to-face selection process. Inasmuch as the assessment centre is a more rigorous and perhaps objective method of selection, there is not enough provision for feedback from the candidate. Expanding on this point further, there may or may not be the incorporation of periods for candidates to ask specific questions regarding the company and the job advertised. Assessment centres generally have few assessors dealing with a large volume of candidates. This may be a cost-effective strategy employed by the business, however, it also has its limitations. With few assessors, the chances are that it can be alot of work on the part of the assessors. When they could be focusing on ways of harnessing the interpersonal potentials of candidates, they are busy trying to meet the needs of all candidates. It is therefore challenging in such regards and has its negative implications. Assessment centres are more interested in the present needs of the company and how these can be fulfilled. In this regards, it can be viewed as an approach to selection which covers short term business needs and not long-term business need. This is reflected in the outcome of the selection of candidates, as only those that can meet the present business needs are chosen. This therefore tends to neglect harnessing opportunities from good candidates that are capable of adding continuous value to the business both in the present and in the future as well. Therefore, it can be suggested that these centres are not exactly the most efficient in terms of harnessing great potential in a wide pool of candidates. More often than not, the assessors at these centres tend to be the actual hiring managers themselves. For this reason, they are not specifically trained in efficient co-ordination of recruitment and selection methodologies. However, because they are perceived to give better feedback on how the candidates react to simulated effects, then it is assumed that they make good assessors. It is important to note however, that the role of the actual manager and the human resources personnel are different, however, they need to work in conjunction with each other to secure the best suited candidate. Therefore, it should not be solely left to the hiring manager to deal with the selection process as it is not entirely the expertise field of the manager. The feedback process for assessment centres tend to be specifically focused on particular needs of the company and may not be as comprehensive to both the candidates and the company as well. There is usually a slow process of feedback for the performance of candidates and this has its consequences. For instance, during the sometimes lengthy period of awaiting feedback, the likelihood of candidates accepting job offers elsewhere is tremendously increased. These limitations are very apparent and in order for a company to secure the best candidates, it is of absolute importance, that these limitations be addressed in a timely and efficient manner. It is undoubtedly of crucial importance because there is alot at stake, which should not be undermined. Utility of the Assessment Centres The assessment centre is a re-invention of recruitment and selection and has many innovative techniques to offer to the organisations. Indeed the testimonials received from various human resources teams are indicative as to the fact that this has been a breakthrough in the area of candidate recruitment. These centres are of tremendous assistance to organisations that have a large number of candidates applying for specific jobs. It makes it easier to narrow down the numbers and retain ‘perceived high-quality’ candidates for future screening. The approach of using this selection method has become popular in recent times and is set to continue to with such a track record (Minden 2004) As assessment centres are used by companies to recruit external candidates. It will be a good prospect in the near future to extend this on to internal candidates who apply for positions. The need to so do is neglected because these candidates are already in the company system. However, it can be viewed distinctly as an approach used to assess suitability of candidates and ensuring that they have been taking advantage of the numerous self-enhancement facilities, courses and programs which are designed to help employees during the course of working within the organisation. Assessment centres do need to place greater emphasis on the developmental aspects of the recruitment process. It is generally geared towards selection and the entire aspects leading up to this process. However, it is just as important for the right candidate to be selected as it is for self-assessments to take place. There is scope for development in this area which will in return reap greater benefits. For instance, with such incentives, companies will see the need to synergise the assessment and developmental functional processes, thereby resulting in greater, efficiency and cost-effectiveness. As stated earlier, most candidates view assessment centres as very rigorous. In order to change such a perception, there is the need to incorporate selection processes which have similar recruitment and selection objectives but are less subjective an intense, and yet still give the same result. There are numerous advantages to be derived by so doing. When different types of selection strategies are used, it becomes more of a multi-assessment which can be customised to the different candidates. For instance, interest inventories can be used to identify the personal preference or liking for specific job types and their corresponding activity. Furthermore, it is helpful in covering a wide variety of areas, ordinarily not identifiable by the assessment centre approach. The use of ability tests are also another aspect that need to be incorporated into assessment centres and are less rigorous than numeracy and psychometric tests. Its techniques need to be harnessed more than it regularly i s. From situational interviews to competency-based interviews or the biographical interviews, there needs to be more interview sessions incorporated into the assessment centre selection process. Biographical interviews tend to focus more on the information provided via the resume of the candidate and is aptly suited in detecting consistencies or inconsistencies and other personal attributes that can only be provided by the face-to-face interviewing of candidates. In conclusion, the availability of many recruitment and selection methods is so vital in the whole process of hiring candidates. The different methods all have unique strengths, weaknesses and utilities. In order to derive the best benefit from whichever process, it is important to ensure that it is the best approach to suit the needs of the business and will definitely attract the brightest potentials on board.