On Explanation: Aristotelean and Hempelean :: History Science Scientific Papers

On Explanation Aristotelean and HempeleanABSTRACT Given the undischarged historical distance amongst scientific explanation as Aristotle and Hempel adage it, I examine and appraise important similarities and differences between the two approaches, especially the inclination of an orbit to take deduction itself as the very model of scientific companionship. I argue that we have good reasons to reject this inclination. In his recent studies showing Galileos knowledge of and adherence to the deductive standards of explanation in science set forth by Aristotle, Wallace (1) remarks that this Aristotelean theory must not be confused with the contemporary deductive-nomological theory of Hempel and Oppenheim. (2) There are, of course, important differences between the classic works of Aristotle and Hempel, for twenty-three centuries lie between them. But the differences are not as great as might be expected, and, as current discussions of the metatheoretical issues of explanation are gen erally ahistorical, I believe an attempt to compare these two intellectual mileposts in our reason of scientific method should prove useful.The most obvious and interesting similarities between the two metatheories of science lie in their deductive character, and this is where their significant contrasts lie as well. Aristotle had developed two major deductive systems the hypothetical and categorical syllogisms. Of these, he thought only the latter suitable to the demanding rigors of scientific knowledge, whose first characteristics he saw to be certainty and necessity. (3) There are some problematic elements in just what Aristotle took these concepts to mean, but I postpone discussion of that to a later stage.The categorical syllogism, quite in the familiar Barbara of the first figure of the first mood, Aristotle sees to be the ideal supplier of both the certainty and the necessity, with the scientific conclusion being the conclusion of the syllogism. bid Hempel and Oppenheim, h e insists that the premises be true, from which it is evident that the conclusion could not fail to be certainly and necessarily true. The syllogism itself, as an argument, then stands as an explanation. Inasmuch as the deductive system of the categorical syllogism can be seen now to be a significant subset of the first-order predicate calculus, which is the deductive system prescribed by Hempel and Oppenheim, the difference between the deductive requirements of the two metatheories is really only that of the greater scope, power, and elegance of the more recent logic. But it remained for Hempel and Oppenheim to point out the

Censorship of the Internet for Children Essay -- Computers Technology

Censorship of the net profit for ChildrenThe meshing is one of the most profound and important technological advancements of this era. It has touched the lives of hundreds of millions of people all over the world. The Internet has become so embedded into our everyday life that for many, life would almost be unbearable without an internet connection. The Internet has enabled so many people who atomic number 18 so far away from each other a means of communication. It eased the burden of contacting loved ones across the world from each other. Not only(prenominal) does the Internet provide a digital communication playground for users, it also provides them with a sea of invaluable resources. The wealth of information that is available on the Internet is both overwhelming and incredible. Almost everything imaginable to the human mind can be found on the Internet. Whether or not some of this information is legitimate, it free exists and is available to anyone who wants to acces s it. The Internet has empowered the individuals who are connected to it with an abundance of resources and information. The Internet has brought about a new means of doing business. It seems that all business models directly include the Internet some how. On the surface, the Internet may seem great, wonderful and ingenious however, the ability for everyone to access the Internet is both a kindness and also a curse. It is beautiful that the Internet and its contents are available to everyone, but that everyone includes children who are under the age of 18. The implications of this type of access are extremely problematic both socially and ethically.According to Internet World Stats, the estimated population of the world is about 6.45 billion people with approximately... ...itehouse.com/ Whitehouse.com11 http//www.craiglist.com Visit the Best in pornographic Sites12 http//www.snapshotspy.com/stats.htm Child Computer Usage Statistics13 http//www.utilitarianism.com/utilitari an.htm Utilitarianism14 http//www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/10/20031025-1.html Protection From Pornography Week, 2003, President of the U.S, Oct. 25, 200315 http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A58610-2002Nov15.html Congress Approves Dot-Kids Measure, David Maguire, Nov. 12, 200216 http//www.kids.us/sitelist.html Current Site List17 http//www.icra.org/ Internet nub Rating Association18 http//www.icra.org/_en/about/ ICRA At A Glance19 http//www.isc.meiji.ac.jp/sumwel_h/links/linkJ04.htm Laws of Japan20 http//www.ageofconsent.com/japan.htm Age of Consent for Japan

Censorship of the Internet for Children Essay -- Computers Technology

Censorship of the Internet for ChildrenThe Internet is one of the most protack together and essential technological advancements of this era. It has touched the lives of hundreds of millions of people all over the world. The Internet has become so embedded into our everyday life that for many, life would almost be impermissible without an internet connection. The Internet has enabled so many people who be so far away from each other a means of communication. It eased the hinderance of contacting loved ones across the world from each other. Not only does the Internet provide a digital communication playground for users, it also provides them with a sea of invaluable resources. The wealth of information that is available on the Internet is both overwhelming and incredible. Almost everything imaginable to the human mind can be found on the Internet. Whether or not some of this information is legitimate, it still exists and is available to anyone who wants to access it. The Internet has empowered the individuals who are connected to it with an abundance of resources and information. The Internet has brought round a new means of doing business. It seems that all business models today include the Internet some how. On the surface, the Internet may seem great, wonderful and quick however, the ability for everyone to access the Internet is both a blessing and also a curse. It is beautiful that the Internet and its contents are available to everyone, but that everyone includes children who are under the age of 18. The implications of this type of access are extremely problematic both socially and ethically.According to Internet World Stats, the estimated population of the world is close 6.45 billion people with approximately... ...itehouse.com/ Whitehouse.com11 http//www.craiglist.com Visit the Best in Adult Sites12 http//www.snapshotspy.com/stats.htm Child Computer Usage Statistics13 http//www.utilitarianism.com/utilitarian.htm Utilitarianism14 ht tp//www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/10/20031025-1.html Protection From Pornography Week, 2003, President of the U.S, Oct. 25, 200315 http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A58610-2002Nov15.html sexual congress Approves Dot-Kids Measure, David Maguire, Nov. 12, 200216 http//www.kids.us/sitelist.html Current Site List17 http//www.icra.org/ Internet Content Rating Association18 http//www.icra.org/_en/about/ ICRA At A Glance19 http//www.isc.meiji.ac.jp/sumwel_h/links/linkJ04.htm Laws of Japan20 http//www.ageofconsent.com/japan.htm get along with of Consent for Japan

Factors Influencing the Use of Presidential Veto Essay

The antiauthoritarian system of government relies mainly upon the proper carrying out and the harmonious relationship between its three main sleevees The Executive Department which has the fountain to execute the law b) the Legislative Branch which has the power to propose, enact, amend and abstract the law c) the Judiciary which has the power to interpret the law. Our constitution has divided these three most important prevails to these three departments which argon considered co-equal and supreme self-assurance railleryhin their protest domain.The principle of separation of powers has for its aim the precludeion of the over concentration of spot in one person or group of persons that might lead to an geological fault or abuse to the prejudice of the whole state. The idea is that the separation of power will produce greater action on the part of these three departments, prevent any of these three departments from over-extending their authority to the point of encroaching into the domains of the other department, to prevent the possibility of abuse by any department in the act of its power and to obtain maximum efficiency in the delivery of public service.Austin Ranney (1995) once said that any concentration of powers in a single branch is tyrannical and only true separation of powers will harbor the liberties of the people against the aggressions of government. (Austin Ranney, p. 240) Checks and Balances The US Constitution has provided for the principle known as the checks and balances. Under this principle, the constitution has aban maked each department certain powers by which it whitethorn restrain the other department from improvident action.This enables the whole state to maintain the right balance among them and keep up the will of the sovereign as expressed in the constitution. Thus, pursuant to the principle of Checks and Balances, one department is allowed to resist encroachments made by one department against some other or to recti fy mistakes and errors committed by the other department. The principle of separation of powers should non however be interpreted to mean that there is a blood relation rivalry of some sort in the exercise of the powers of these departments.The fact remains that even if one department whitethorn control, interfere temperh or encroach upon the acts done by another department pursuant to the constitution, it is still the policy that each department watch to interact with one another to achieve a symmetry of drive. There is therefore no wall of isolation or animosity among the three departments. Blending of Powers Corollary to the principle of separation of powers and the checks and balances is the principle of blending of powers which is very unembellished in the manner every democratic government runs.In the performance of a constitutional task, one department acts in a manner favorable to or supplementary to the other. The principles of separation of powers, checks and balanc es and blending of powers can be adequately explained in the manner of enactment of laws and statutes. The principle of separation of powers provides that to the legislative belongs the power and authority to enact, amend and repeal a law. To the executive department belongs the power to implement the law. Thus acmes are passed by Congress and sent to the President for his approval.The principle of checks and balances is manifested in the way the professorship negativees the bills passed by the Congress. The power to veto bills passed by Congress is stated under Article 1 Section 7 of the United States Constitution, to wit Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States If he approve he shall sign it, only if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proce ed to reconsider it. (Article 1, Section 7, United States Constitution)though the Congress enacts the law, the chairman has the prerogative to reject the law through his exercise of the veto power. In effect, the President, theoretically, can indirectly become a lawmaker by rejecting bills passed by Congress and by proposing to the Congress that certain bills be passed. The same is true for Congress which may greatly influence the exercise of the President of his authority to implement the law.It is clearly stated in the US Constitution that it has the power to override the veto power of the President provided it has the required numbers animationing it, to wit If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, to specifyher with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law.But in all such outcomes the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, un little the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. (Article 1, Sec 7, United States Constitution)In addition, to its power to override prexyial veto, Congress may opt to exercise pressure to the president by not confirming certain presidential appointments which the constitution has delegated to the Legislative Branch. In addition, the Congress may as well exercise its power to commence and take off its power of Impeachment. (Gary W. Copeland) In effect, the Congress if it really wants to enact a bill into law may convince the President with the exercise of its power to sign the bills into law. Factors wherefore the President Veto LegislationThere are different views on the presidents exercise of his veto power. Some say that the much the president exercises his veto power the more effective leader he is. (Jong R. Lee) The theory is that a president who can influence the Congress is more in all probability to veto a bill and once vetoed this bill will not be overridden by Congress. This appears to be conclusive considering the following statistics from the time of Washington to Nixon the veto was utilise 2,257 times. Out of these, only 75 vetoes or only 6% have been overridden by Congress.On the other hand, some say that the presidents exercise of veto is a sign of weakness on his part. The idea here is that if the president really had control and influence over the Congress then they would not have passed these bills that prompted the president to override them in the first place. The veto power is one of the potent weapons which a president may exercise under o ur democratic system of government. It is even stated that it is the power of the President to veto legislations that make him a dominant American political figure. Copeland) The veto power of the president serves as a check to the power of the Legislative branch to make laws by exercising its veto power. One of the reasons cited for the exercise of the veto powers is because the bill is unconstitutional. The primary function of the President is not to please his political party or to please the electorates. His main responsibility is to protect the constitution and to ensure that the laws are passed in compliance with the United States Constitution.As its protector, the Constitution has expressly given the president the power to veto bills which are unconstitutional. Thus, several presidents have in the past vetoed bills on the give of their unconstitutionality. Thus, consider President Andrew Jackson who vetoed bills that seek to extend the charter of the Second Bank of the Unit ed States because he insisted the Bank was beyond the power of Congress to create. (Bruce Fein) parenthesis from the bills unconstitutionality, the president has also in the past vetoed bills based on serious ethical and moral grounds.One particular example is HR 810 or the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2006 which authorized the Secretary of State to conduct and support research that utilizes human being embryonic cells. This bill was vetoed by the president. (Message to the House of Representatives) In his veto message dated July 19, 2006, President George W. Bush states that as though he is in favor of exploring the potentials of the research on stem cell, he however is apprehensive about the ethical repercussions of the said research.Signing this bill will allow the deliberate destruction of human embryos for the purpose of research which is damaging to our nation. In addition, it is widely acknowledged that the past president have used the veto power not merely to pro tect the constitution. The president has in the past used the veto power not merely as a means for protecting the constitution but also for various political purposes. It bears stressing that not all presidents have the support of the Congress. Several presidents in the past have to contend with a hostile Congress to get the needed legislations they wanted.If the president would not be firm in his response, it is possible that certain important pieces of legislations may not be passed at all. To avoid this from adventure some presidents in the past have resorted to the extreme method of vetoing more laws to remind that that he holds the power. Consider the case of Franklin D. Roosevelt who in the past occasionally vetoed a piece of legislation simply to remind Congress that he is still in control (Richard E. Neustadt 1976) Harry Truman and Gerald Ford used the veto power for the purpose of determining differences in Congress to build a political base. (Neudstadt)It is the essence o f democracy that the legislative and executive departments though they perform different tasks are co-equal. This may or may not be advantageous for the whole citizenry depending on the condition of the nation. It may happen that the country may experience scotch difficulties. During this time, laws must be swiftly passed so that the needs of the people will be addressed more quickly. The ideal reaction would be that the Congress should buy the farm with the President so that they will have an understanding of what kind of laws need to be passed that can help improve the lives of the people.However, the exact opposite happens during economic difficulties. It is at this point that everybody wants to go grandstanding thinking that it is his best time to point the blame to another politician. It is at this time when every politician wants to be recognized for the littlest things he has done in the past. It is because of this reason that during economic difficulties and hardships ther e are more bills that are being vetoed by the president. Research has also shown that the president who feels that more voters are in his favor are more likely to use the veto power.The idea here is that the more the president thinks that he has the electorate on his side the more that he will tend to exercise this power to veto legislation. This could be measured by analyzing the results of the election in the past, the higher the votes the president gets the more likely it is that he will exercise this power. The political party who sponsored the bill may also influence the decision of the president whether he will veto it or not. The theory is that the more votes the bill receives from the members of his own party in Congress, the more likely that the president will sign the bill into law.On the other hand, the less votes the bill receives from the members of his own party, the more likely it is that the president will not sign the bill into law. Normally, when a bill is sponsore d by a representative from a political party different from that o the president, the best thing for him to do if he seeks to have the bill passed into law is to compromise with the president and the other political party. Compromise can be manifested by deleting some portions of the bill which is obnoxious on the part of the other political party.It bears stressing that if the sponsor of the bill refuses to eliminate these objectionable portions it is more likely that the president will likewise refuse to sing the bill into law and veto it. Conclusion The democratic system of government is therefore a complex system which requires the proper balance among its three branches. Based on the foregoing, there are many factors why a president may make use of his veto power. It could be because of the personality of the president. There are some presidents who are more inclined to veto legislations because they feel they have support of the electorate.President may also veto legislation b ecause of the person sponsoring the bill. It is possible if the sponsor of the bill is someone other than a party mate of the president and the former does not make any compromises with the president such as deleting any objectionable portion of the bill then it is possible that the bill may be vetoed. Also, it could be because of the defects in the bill itself such as it is unconstitutional, unethical and immoral or may be because it is not yet timely.

Albania still bears the traces

Albania, one of europiums smallest and apart(p) countries is also one of the most ancient countries in Europe. withal its beauty and splendor, its rich natural resources and its extraordinary tradition of hospitality are just few of the many reasons why the foreign world should be interest in this country (Konitza 10).Albania still bears the traces of its turbulent past, a history that has been the story of a never-ending succession of invasion and defense, of subjection and revolt. At one clipping or another, Greeks and Romans, Goths and Byzantines, Serbs and Bulgars, Sicilians and Venetians, Normans and Turks have poured into the country and held it for varying periods (Hamm 3).Many historians believed that the people of Albania descended from a non-Slavic, non-Turkic group of tribes known as Illyrians, who arrived in the Balkans around 2000 BC. The modern Albanians can still be distinguished from Ghegs (northern tribes) and Tosks (southern tribes). After falling under Roman a uthority in 165 BC, Albania was controlled nearly continuously by a succession of foreign powers such(prenominal) as the Byzantine Empire in the 11th century which made the first recorded reference to a land known as Albania and its people.The puff of vent Empire also ruled Albania form 1385-1912 and it was during this time that much of the populations were converted to Islam. There were revolts made against the Ottoman, the most famous was led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skenderbeg which eventually became Albanias theme hero. But efforts failed as the Ottomans eventually reasserted their dominance.The hundred of years of Ottoman rule weakened during the early 20th century as Albanian nationalism heightened. This eventually ended with the conclusion of the First Balkan War, and the Vlore Proclamation of Independence on November 28, 1912.When the Second World War broke, Albania was occupied by different countries. First by Italy (1939-43) and thusly by Germany (1943-44). After the war, C ommunism ruled Albania for forty years by means of the Communist Party leader Enver Hoxha.During this time, Albania adhered to a strict Stalinist philosophy through a combination of ruthlessness and strategic alliances and most of the population was subjected to purges, shortages, repression of civil and semipolitical rights, a total ban on religious observance, and increased isolation. In 1991, Communism fall and the Albanian connection struggled to overcome its historical isolation and underdevelopment by seeking closer ties with the West in order to improve economic conditions.During this time the elementary democratic reforms, including a multi-party system was introduced. Albanias fragile democratic structures were strengthened by democrats, then socialists from presidential to parliamentary which eventually ushered in a new period of political stability, making possible significant progress in democratic and economic reforms, rule of law initiatives, and the development of Albanias relations with its neighbors and the fall in States. (Frasheri 25).The Albanian.com website mentioned that Albania adopted the Parliamentary democratic type of government with executive branch the President of the Republic (chief of state), the Prime Minister (head of the government), Council of Ministries (appointed by the President) the legislative branch-Peoples Assembly (a unicameral type, 140 seats) and the Judicial branch (the Supreme court and all other). Its police and security forces have shown effectiveness.Each security or police organizationthe Sigurimi, the line Guards, and the Peoples Policeconstituted a separate directorate within the ministry each had a larger proportion of personnel who were party members than the armed forces because of the need for political reliability. Albanias relations with the outside world are mainly concerned with preservation of its territorial integrity and independence.Albania maintains generally good relations with its for eign neighbors such as Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Kosovo, Italy and Greece It also enjoys friendly and cooperative bilateral relations with the U.S as Pro-U.S. sentiment is widespread among the population. The strength of the government is supported with its Armed forces which includes ground forces, air and air defense forces, and naval forces and comprised about 48,000 active-duty and 155,000 reserve personnel.According to the Federal seek Division of the Library of Congress, Albanias economy is considered the poorest in Europe. This is maybe due to the fact that Albania has been dislocated and underdeveloped for centuries. Economists estimated the gross domestic product per capita at about US$450 in 1990.Latest figures (2005) shows 5.5% Real GDP growth with an inflation rate of 2.4% and unemployment rate by 14.2%. Despite significant progress in the twentieth century, Albania still lagged far behind the other European nations economically. The economic policy insisted on rigid cen tralization and forced industrialization despite Albanias small size and lack of skilled workers, able administrators, and farmers capable of producing key raw materials and enough grain to feed the population.Albania has commodious literate workforce but unemployed and unskilled workers but few jobs are available in the country. Because of this, thousands of desperate Albanians fled abroad seeking jobs because of the wretched beat of living and limited economic opport building blocky at home.The social structure of the country was basically tribal until the 1930s but increasing contact with the outside world and invasions and occupations by foreign armies had gradually weakened tribal society. Traditionally there have been two major cultures in the Albanian nation the Gegs in the north and the Tosks in the south.The Gegs, partly Roman Catholic but mostly Muslim, lived until after World War II in a mountain society characterized by blood feuds and fierce clan and tribal loyalties. The Tosks, whose number included many Muslims as well as Orthodox Christians, were less culturally isolated mainly because of centuries of foreign influence.Kinship and tribal affiliations, a common spoken nomenclature, and enduring folk customs provided continuity and a sense of community. Foreign influence was inevitable, however. Additions and modifications to the language were made as a result of Latin, Greek, Slavic, and Turkish contacts. Lacking an organized religion as part of their Illyrian heritage, Albanians adopted the Muslim, Orthodox, and Roman Catholic faiths brought to them by their conquerors.In Albania, the basic unit of society was the extended family, usually composed of a couple, their married sons, the wives and children of the sons, and any unmarried daughters.The extended family formed a single residential and economic entity held together by common ownership of means of production and common interest in the defense of the group. Such families often included scores of persons, and, as late as 1944, some encompassed as many as sixty to seventy persons living in a cluster of huts surrounding the fathers house.For centuries, the family was the basic unit of the countrys social structure. To a great extent, the privacy of the family supplanted that of the state. Children were brought up to respect their elders and, above all, their father, whose word was law within the confines of his family (Marmullaku 82-85).Whether its in the past or present, ancient or modern, young or old, Muslim or Christian, rich or poor, north or south, urban or rural, monarchist or socialist the extremes of Albanian society are vivid and its tensions palpable.Albania is more like a framework, a stable structure of rigid poles positioned in space and linked together by flexible cables. The cables are stressed but, barring catastrophe, they will not snap. Albania, a land that is very beautiful, is still struggling to leave its communist past and the some eternal po st communism transition behind and find the right route to economical, political, and social stability and prosperity.Works CitedAlbanian Information. Albanian Government .Available http//www.albanian.com/information/countries/albania/index.html Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Country Studies.Available http//lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/altoc.htmlFrasheri, Kristo. The History of Albania. Tiran Naim Frasheri State, 1964. Hamm, Harry. AlbaniaChinas Beachhead in Europe. New York Praeger, 1963.Konitza, Faik. Albania The Rock Garden of Southeastern Europe. Pages Panarity (ed.), Albania The Rock Garden of Southeastern Europe and Other Essays.BostonPan-Albanian Federation of America, 1957. Marmullaku, Ramadan. Albania and the Albanians. Hamden, New York Archon Books, 1975.

English Paper One Example Essay

Furthermore the actions and emotions of the protagonist and his sister demonstrates the immense fright and thankfulness experienced passim the text. In this passage, the description of characters plays and extremely important place since it throws light upon the monstrous character of the combaters and the kind and helpful temperament of Mr. Bapu the millionaire who rescues the protagonist and his sister Deepa. Since this story is told from a first person perspective the other characters are experienced through the mind of the protagonist.By gravid a very precise description of these characters, the author has conjured up a very believable taking into custody of the way that these characters are perceived by the protagonist, which in term, makes the fear felt by these characters overmuch more real to the reader. An example of this is the terrifying, unearthly squeal (6) that is perceive by the siblings as the attackers surround them. This description of sound ruins a very wild and primitive idea of the attackers. Furthermore, the howling of wild dogs (8) also adds on this terrifying image of the aggressors.This in term makes the terror undergone by the protagonists very understandable and real to the reader. On the other hand, the character of Mr. Bapu is draw in a only different manner which highlights his benign personality. He is described as a millionaire who does not mind talking to his staff (28), but also cut for Deepa a red rose. (29), an act which induces the feeling of adoration for Mr. Bapu by twain the reader and the protagonists. It is the contrast in description of Mr. Bapu and the muggers that invokes the idea of fri deceases and enemies which is later addressed at the end of the passage.The setting in this extract plays a primary role setting up the mood. This in term greatly aids the readers understand of the protagonists fear and relieve. The passage starts off with the description of a mosque stood towering in all its grandeur with a brilliant series of decorative lights (3). This setting brings forward-moving an uneasy mood since the building was towering over the 2 siblings. With this comes the feeling of vulnerability which is later demonstrated when they are attacked.The setting further attributes to the feeling of cloudiness and being surrounded when Deepa and her brother try to run backwards, sideways, forwards again (12) like running through a maze without an exit. Which is described as a horrifying checkmate (13), also adding onto the feeling of being trapped, making is very understandable that the protagonists are panicking. Later in the passage, the setting is again used to give a clear understanding of the character Mr. Bapu. The morning after the siblings were rescued by him they wake up in the house of the millionaire and walk through his garden.This is described as being quite wonderful (27) and seems to have red roses, these both clearly oppose the nocturnal setting of the night before. This deepens the contrast between the attackers and Mr. Bapu since both settings bring up completely different moods. The nightly setting of the streets add of the wild like persona of the muggers, while the rose garden emphasizes the kindhearted nature of Mr. Bapu. This again adds onto the idea of the difference between friends and enemies and the way that these are shaped in the mind.Lastly, another aspect that greatly enhances the experience of the reader is the behavior and emotions uttered by the protagonist and his sister. The text starts off with a tremor in my sisters arm. (1). This sentence is emphasized by its shortness and it being on a separate line. This immediately conjures up a tense mood and grabs the attention of the reader. When the two siblings first face their attackers they froze in our tracks (7), this betrays their shock and fear to the reader. The two then run for their lives like a prey trying to escape its hunter.This episode both adds tension and exciteme nt to the story. The protagonists are then relieved and move by the arrival of the white Mercedes (14) of Mr. Bapu. The whiteness Mercedes being a stark contrast to the nocturnal nature of the attackers. After the actual attack, the story very much relies on the thoughts of the protagonists. He describes the attack as a terror-filled eternity (32). This clarifies the contempt of the protagonists towards the attackers. He then later describes Mr. Bapu as preserved in amber, giving the reader an understanding of the protagonists kind image of the millionaire.These are examples of the emotions and thoughts of the protagonist, helping the reader understand other characters in the text. This is also done by giving a bit of background on the protagonists giving an understanding of the attackers reasons. This also adds a theme of discrimination between social groups. Since the muggers seem to attack due to the protagonists background. In conclusion, with the use of the setting, character description and the thoughts of the protagonists a very clear contrast between the attackers and Mr. Bapu has been established. One being seen as the the personification of evil and the other as pure kindness.This contrast is very important to understand when reading the last part of the passage in which the central theme is explained. here the protagonists uncle explains how enemies and friends are shaped in the mind. Here, the reader can understand that the protagonists was looking back at a past event throughout the passage and it becomes very clear why the attackers have been described in a very evil fashion as opposed to Mr. Bapu. This story is whence an excellent example of how the mind can form its own image of enemies and friends only including the negative or positive instead of both.

MINICASE Luxury Wars

United States, France, Germany, and Western Europe. Hermes International is a multi-billion dollar French business possess and controlled by the Hermes family. The business makes and sells luxury goods across numerous product categories. After being passed down through s invariablyal generations the phoner decided to list its cope on the public market for the reasons listed below To provide family members with a means to value their stake in the company To allow partial cash-outs if dividends alone were insufficient, erudite that some family members were known to maintain lavish lifestylesTo raise jacket while excuse being able to influence important decisions (like electing the CEO or Chairman), and still controlling the strategic and operational decisions of the firm To obtain financing that would turn out the long term development of the company and to accommodate ease of trading for sh beholders in transfer of ownership. B. What risks comes from a public listing? Amidst th e several advantages of going public there are equally associated risks for a company to consider when making much(prenominal) decisions.The list below, while not exhaustive, identifies some of the risks associated with a company ongoing public The agency problem. When a company goes public it runs the risk of minimal interest. The effectiveness for this conflict comes along as the objective of management and owners may not be aligned. Note that in the case of Hermes International for the first time ever the current CEO is not a family member. Without adequate controls going public can distort long-term vs.. Short-term value minimization. Privately held firms usually fix long-term value minimization while publicly held firms tend to focus on quarterly earnings.Earnings now have to satisfy shareholders and not just support the Emily. Focus on profitable growth may change as decisions taken may be consistent with impatient capitalism. Things happen in the company and owners are una ware. Note the Renault and Elviss share acquisition. Loss of control of the company (limited control as to when shareholders go to the secondary market and no control over blondness swaps on some amount of the companys shares) Loss of confidentiality and flexibility due to regulations of the security and exchange commission.Vulnerability to take over should the melody price decline significantly. Increased capital can allow Coos adequate opacity to take on additional projects that are not aligned with the interest of shareholders. With the long list of risks to which company IIS are exposed after going public, there are measures can be taken to minimize the impact of the risks to shareholders, These controls can come in the form of stock options (restricted or open), management compensation packages, or an instituted holding company to represent and manage shareholders.